Analysis Of Phytochemical Constituents Of Syzygium Aromaticum Biology Essay

Analysis Of Phytochemical Constituents Of Syzygium Aromaticum Biology Essay Alternative method to drug discovery is likely through the medicinal plants and greater parts of the people have assurance in traditional medicine, particularly plant drugs for their initial healthcare. Recently, responsiveness has been paid in public to consume eco-friendly and bio-friendly plant-based products for the prevention and cure of distinctive human diseases. Several number of people looking for medicine and health approaches which excuse side effects caused by synthetic chemicals (Remington, 1995). Herbal drugs are having less considerable side effects than the other classes of synthetic drugs and most of the medicinal uses of plants seem to have been developed by trial and error and by interpretation of wild animals. Herbs had been utilized by all cultures all the way through history. Ancients observed and respected the great variety of plants available to him. The plants afford a number of basic essentials in human day to day life such as food, clothing, shelter and medicine etc, and as time went on, every tribe supplements the medicinal power of herbs in their area to its awareness base. It was a primary part of the development of modern civilization and In fact, well into the 20th century to a remarkable scope of the pharmacopoeia of scientific medicine was ensuring from the herbal knowledge of native peoples. They gathered information accurately on herbs and developed well described herbal pharmacopoeias. Pharmacopoeia includes at least 25% drugs ensuring from plants and r ests of other are synthetic analogues developed on model compounds isolated from plants. Today several drugs are commonly used basically derived from herbal origin. In fact, in the United States about 25% of the prescription drugs dispensed contain at least one active ingredient derived from plant material in which some are made from plant extracts and rest are synthesized to imitate a natural plant compound. At present there are a number of plant materials belong to different family have been used in the treatment of a variety of diseases like bacterial, fungal and dermatophytic infections (Rajshekharan, 2002). Herbal medicine is extensively practiced from ancient period all over the world. These medicines are safe as well as eco-friendly and bio-friendly. According to WHO, about 80% of the worlds population relies on traditional medicine for their primary health care and medicinal plant division has usually an important position in the religious, socio cultural and medicinal arena of rural and tribal lives of millions of rural households use medicinal plants in a self-help mode (Remington, 1995). The Greater part of the traditional plant based remedies is back in use and finds the right application. Direct sources of therapeutic agent A model for new synthetic compound A lead molecule for the discovery of new drug. PHYTOTHERAPY To outline the history of Phytotherapy is to outline the history of humanity itself. The discovery of medicinal properties of certified plants must have sprung from nature. Ancient peoples first use plants as food and, as results of this ingestion, the link with some plant property would have been learned. Medicinal plants were the main source of products used to maintained health until the nineteenth century, when the German chemist Freiedrich Wohler in 1828, try to prepare ammonium cynate from silver cyanide and ammonium chloride, by mistake synthesized urea. This was considered as the first organic synthesis in history and signed the era of the synthetic compounds (Ahmad, 2006). A multidisciplinary capillary science, research in the phytosciences is more or less unlimited, which composes it impossible to talk about all aspects of this up-and-coming science in just one chapter. Consequently, we have paying attention here chiefly on the antibacterial activity of bioactive phytocompounds, conversing their use against multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria and fungi, their mechanisms of action, and their interactions with macromolecules and possible for toxicity in mammalian cells. Technical features concerning the advancement of fast and consistent methods of extraction, high output screening systems, and bioautography of essential oils and crude extracts and divisions have also been discussed. Problems associated to the efficacy, stability, drug delivery systems and quality control are also analyzed (Ahmad, 2006). HISTORY OF PHYTOTHERAPY During the 100 years of Wohlers discovery Phytomedicine was forgotten by western science and in the early 1980s, though, there was a reappearance of attention in the use of natural substances commonly known today as bioactive phytocompounds. This interest can be simply understood in the light of questions relating to the safety, cytotoxicity, and side-effects of synthetic compounds, and the essential to find new medicines, comprising new antibiotics to supervise infectious diseases caused by multiresistant pathogens and substances to treat chronic diseases (Heinrich, 2004). Today, the use of medicinal plants and their bioactive phytocompounds and our scientific knowledge about them consist of the modern field of the phytosciences. This is a science fashioned from the combination of a range of disciplines that have never been linked before, combining several different areas of economic, social, and political fields, chemistry, biochemistry, physiology, microbiology, medicine, and agriculture (Schulz, 2004). The phytosciences are distinctive from the other biomedical sciences in that as a substitute of testing a hypothesis, researchers evaluate to find out whether plants generally used in traditional medicine bring benefits for health and, if so, what are their mechanisms of action. Although the common conviction that bioactive phytocompounds are safe, they have natural risks just like all active chemical compounds. Researchers within the phytosciences are working to illuminate the side-effects, calculate proper dosages, isolate the bioactive compounds, and define the superlative methods of extraction and conservation. As well these, legal aspects concerning the prescription and trade in medicinal plants are a matter of discuss all around the world (Heinrich, 2004). As a multidisciplinary science the research in this field is virtually unlimited, this makes it impractical to converse all the aspects of this promising science in just one chapter. So, this review discusses the antimicrobial activity of bioactive phytocompounds, particularly their use against multidrug-resistant bacteria and fungi, their mechanisms of action, and their interactions with macromolecules and potential toxicity for mammalian cells. It also discusses technical aspects concerning the development of fast and consistent methods of extraction, high output screening systems and bioautography of essential oils and crude extracts and fractions. Problems associated to efficacy, stability, drug delivery systems and quality control will also be discussed (Schulz, 2004). SCREENING OF CRUDE PLANT EXTRACTS: NEW CHALLENGES Medicinal plants have fashioned the establishment of health care all over the world as the early days of humanity and are yet now widely used and have considerable value in international trade. Recognition of their economic, pharmaceutical and clinical value is still rising, although this difference is comprehensively between countries. Plants are essential for pharmacological research and drug development, not only when bioactive phytocompounds are used promptly as therapeutic agents, but also as preliminary materials for the synthesis of drugs or as models for pharmacologically active compounds. Regulation of their misuse is therefore essential to ensure their availability for the future (Heinrich, 2004). Plant preparations have a very special characteristic that differentiates them from chemical drugs. A single plant may enclose a number of bioactive phytocompounds and a combination of plants even more .This difficulty is one of the major significant challenges to phytoscientists attempting to recognize a single bioactive phytocompounds or chemical group in the massive universe that encompass a single crude extract (Heinrich, 2004). Biotechnology in the 1970s and 1980s made incredible progress and accompanied in a new era for the pharmaceutical industry. Many enzymes and receptor proteins of therapeutic interest were made existing in great quantities by recombinant expression, although signal transduction pathways could be interrogated by reported gene carrying cellular constructs. Such mechanism-based invitro assays are agreeable to significant scales of operations, and the concept of high-throughput screening rapidly became the standard for lead discovery (Heinrich, 2004). PROCESS STANDARDIZATION OF BIOACTIVE PHYTOCOMPOUNDS HAVING ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY Different methods to drug discovery using higher plants can be discriminated: Random selection followed by chemical screening; random selection followed by one or more biological assays; biological activity reports and ethno medical use of plants. The second approach comprises of plants used in traditional medical systems; herbalism, folklore, and shamanism; and the use of databases. The purpose is the targeted isolation of bioactive phytocompounds and once an active extract has been identified, the first to be taken is the identification of the bioactive phytocompounds, and this can signify either a full identification of bioactive phytocompounds after purification or partial identification to the level of a family of known compounds (Schulz, 2004). For screening selection, plants are collected either randomly or by following leads supplied by local healers in geographical areas where the plants are found. Primary screening of plants for possible antimicrobial activity usually begins by using crude aqueous or alcoholic extractions followed by different organic extraction procedures. Plant material can be used fresh or dried and other signficant plant materials related to antimicrobial activity are the essential oils. Essential oils are complex natural mixtures of volatile secondary metabolites, isolated from plants by hydro or steam distillation and by expression (citrus peel oils). The chief constituents of essential oils (mono and sesquiterpenes), along with a carbohydrates, alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, and ketones, are responsible for the fragrant and biological properties of aromatic and medicinal plants (Schulz, 2004). Due to these properties, since ancient times species and herbs have been added to food, not only as flavoring agents but also as preservatives. For centuries essential oils have been isolated from different parts of plants and are also used for related purposes (Blumenthal, 2000). The activities of essential oils cover a broad spectrum and various essential oils produce pharmacological effects, representing anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancerogenic properties. Others are biocides against a broad range of organisms such as bacteria, fungi, protozoa, insects, plants and viruses (Heinrich, 2004). Therefore medicinal plants have been used for centuries as therapy for human diseases because they contain therapeutic value components. Recently, the acceptance of traditional medicine as an alternative form of health care and advancement of microbial resistance to existing antibiotics has lead authors to investigate the antimicrobial activity of medicinal plants. Moreover, the increasing use of plant extract in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries recommend that, in order to find active compounds a systematic activity of medicinal plants is significant (Heinrich, 2004). SCOPE The scope of this Research is based on the fact that Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) is available easily in anywhere and is cultivated largely. Based on the literature survey as it is showing so many bioactive components and is of medicinal value without side effects, I have selected Clove for my Research work. Clove buds selection Extraction by using Soxhlet Antimicrobial Screening MIC Chemical analysis presence or absence of phytoconstituents Chromatography techniques (GC) Compound Identification. OBJECTIVES To Extract Clove buds (Syzygium aromaticum) using organic solvents. To study the Antimicrobial activity of the extracted solution. To study the chemical analysis of the extracted solution. To identify the components within the extracted solution using Gas Chromatography. REVIEW OF LITERATURE PLANT HISTORY The Clove, a Malucca Islands native, is one of the oldest fruits known to man. The word Clove gets its name from the Latin word nail clavus, as the buds looks like small irregular nails in shape and the word made its way to English via Old French clou. Originally thought to be native to China, Cloves were actually brought to China about 266 B.C. and was one of the first spices to be traded by Arab traders transported to the Romans (Evans, 1996). Taxonomical Classification: Kingdom : plantae-plants Subkingdom : tracheobionata-vascular plants Super division : spermatophyta-seed plants Division : magnoliophyta-flowering plants Class : Magnoliopsida-dicotyledons Sub class : Rosidae Order : Myrtales Family : Myrtaceae-Myrtle family Genus : Syzygium P. Br. Ex Gaertn.-syzygium Species : Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. L.M. Perry clove (Cronquist, 1981). PLANT DESCRIPTION Syzygium aromaticum Linn. Is considered as the Golden current. VERNACULAR NAMES French Clou de girofle Indonesia Cengkeh The Philippines Klabong pako Dutch Kruidnagel German Nelke India Lavang China Ding xiang, etc (Kokate, 2007). BIOLOGICAL SOURCE Cloves are the aromatic dried flower buds of a plant Syzygium aromaticum belonging to family Myrtaceae (Gokhale, 2008). ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION The Clove plant is native from Malucca Islands by itself Bachian, Mutir, Makyan, Ternate and Tidore, where natural clove trees can be found. The Clove buds are said to be one of the oldest fruits known to man and has been cultivated since ancient times. The buds was used in many ways as it is today and was one of the first spices to be traded by Arab traders transported to the Romans. Cloves were actually brought to China about 266 B.C. It has been widely cultivated throughout the Indonesia, Madagascar, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, India, and Zanzibar and china (Claus, 1965). CULTIVATION Climate and soil Clove is a tropical plant which requires warm humid climate, rich loamy soil and Annual rainfall of about 150-30mm and Altitude-1500m above the sea level. Cool climate with good rainfall is ideal for flowering. And also requires good drainage because crop cant withstand water logging (Murty, and Subramanyam, 1989). Planting and material Seeds collected from fully ripe fruits and soaked in water overnight. Fully developed and uniform sized seeds are used for sowing and the pericarp is removed before sowing (Murty, and Subramanyam, 1989). Nursery rising Nursery beds to be prepared for sowing seeds of about 15-20cm height, 1mt width and convenient length. Made of loose soil-sand mixture over a layer of sand may be spread. Then seeds are sown at 2-3cm spacing and depth of 2cm and allowed for germination about 10-15 days, precaution to be taken for seed beds have to be protected from direct sunlight. The germinated seeds are then transplanted in polybags containing a mixture of soil, sand and decomposed cow dung and these are ready for transplanting after 18-24 months old (De Guzman and Simonsma, 1999). Preparation of land and planting The selection of area for plantations should clear of wild growth before monsoon. The pits of about 75cm 75cm 75cm are dug at a spacing of 6-7mts and are partially filled with compost, green leaf and mixed with top soil. Then followed by transplantation of seedlings in the main field during beginning of the rainy season (De Guzman and Simonsma, 1999). Manuring and fertilizer application Manuring is necessary for proper growth and flowering of the plant and can be done by applying cattle manure and bone meal for one plant in the initial years. This can be increased gradually. Dead and diseased shoots should be removed once or twice a year. Inorganic fertilizer is about 40gm urea, 110gm super phosphate and 80gm murate of potash of fertilizer dose can be usually recommended in the initial stage. This can be increased gradually (De Guzman and Simonsma, 1999). HARVESTING AND YIELD The flowering of the plant can be starts from the fourth year but full bearing stage is attained after 15 to 20 yrs. harvesting is done by the unopened buds when they are plump and rounded and carefully done without damaging the branches. The buds after separation are allowed to dry in the sun. The well dried buds are then processed for packaging (De Guzman and Simonsma, 1999).

Rationing During World War Ii

Rationing During World War II 30 March, 2012 Rationing During World War II Rationing is defined as a fixed allowance of provisions of food, especially for soldiers or sailors or for civilians during a shortage (dictionary. com). In 1942 a rationing system began to guarantee minimum amounts of things people needed. During World War II, people couldn’t just walk into a store and buy whatever they wanted. Ration books are books that contained coupons where shopkeepers could cut out the coupon for the person to use.War ration books and tokens were issued to each American family, controlling how much gas, tires, sugar, meat, silk, shoes, nylon and other items any person could buy (Rationing on the US Homefront). The Office of Price Administration (OPA) issued each person in a household to get a ration book, even children and babies. Ration books were organized by color: buff-colored books were mostly for adults, green ration books were for pregnant women, nursing mothers and childr en under the age of five, and blue ration books were for children from ages six to sixteen (Rationing on the US Homefront).On National Registration day, 29 September, 1939, every person in a household had to fill out a form explaining with details about who lived in their house. Ration stamps were only valid for a certain period of time so it would prevent hoarding of the stamps. The government issued ration books because they were worried that when items became scarce that the prices would go up, and poor people couldn’t buy the things they needed (Barrow, 2010). Rationing made sure that people got an equal amount of food every week. The government tried their hardest to make it fair for everyone.Still, some people thought that rationing was unfair (Barrow, 2010). People were encouraged to provide their own food in their homes thus starting the ‘Dig for Victory! ’ campaign. The ‘Dig for Victory! ’ campaign was where men and women made their yards an d flower-beds into gardens to grow vegetables (Dig For Victory! , 2004). A typical ration for one adult per week was: butter 50g (2oz), sugar 225g (8oz), cheese 50g (2oz), jam 450g (1lb) every two months, bacon and ham 100g, meat to the value of 1s. 2d (1 shilling and sixpence e er week, eggs 1 fresh egg a week, dried eggs 1 packet every four weeks, margarine 100g (4oz), milk 3 pints (1800 ml), tea 50g (2oz), sweets 350g (12oz) every four weeks (Barrow, 2010). With the above list of rationed items, each person was allowed sixteen points to use on whatever rationed item they wanted. Pregnant women, mothers who are nursing their children or children under the age of five were allowed to pick their choice of fruit, daily pint of milk and double eggs first (Barrow, 2010). Clothes rationing began two years after food rationing started.During World War II, there was a shortage in material for clothing. The shortage made people to â€Å"make due and mend† so that way factory workers could make uniforms, and parachutes for the war (Giullian, 2010). The government gave each person a ration book for clothes. Just like food rationing, when people wanted to buy new clothes, all they had to do was bring their ration book to the store and then buy they clothes they wanted, then you hand over your ration book to the storekeeper and they mark off what the person got in their ration books.The coupon system allowed people to get a new set of clothing each year. Coupons were a different color so they wouldn’t use all their coupons at once. The government told the people when they could use their other coupons. At first, each person was given 60 coupons to last them the whole year. Later on the coupon amount dropped to 48. Children were assigned an extra 10 ration coupons for their clothing in case they grow during the year. What would you buy with 60 coupons to last you the whole year?Fourteen years of rationed food and it finally came to an end because meat and ba con restrictions were lifted. Rationing of food ended nine years after the war ended. Rationing ended on 4 July, 1954 (Barrow, 2010). Fourteen years of rationing, people could finally enjoy buying the necessities they needed for their daily life. Men, women, and children went back to a normal lifestyle they were used to. References Barrow, M.. (2010, Month. Day). In  Rationing During WWWII.Retrieved Mar. 26, 2012, from http://www. woodlands-junior. kent. sch. uk/Homework/war/rationing. htm (2004, Mar. 1 ). In  Dig for Victory!. Retrieved Mar. 26, 2012, from http://h2g2. com/dna/h2g2/A2263529 Giullian, M.. (2010, May. 10). In  Rationing. Retrieved Mar. 25, 2012, from http://ussslcca25. com/rationing. htm In  Rationing on the US Homefront during WWII. Retrieved Mar. 25, 2012, from http://www. ameshistoricalsociety. org/exhibits/events/rationing. htm

Introducing Good Topics for Presentation

Introducing Good Topics for Presentation Good Topics for Presentation: the Ultimate Convenience! Inflation can't be controlled. Debate topics generally are intended to hold to attention of listeners, and we have some which are guaranteed to hold anybody's interest! Neatly type each point you wish to deliver, preferably in 1 slide. The following day you're going to be in a position to begin the experiment. You may have the most eloquent speaking points in the remainder of the presentation, but a well-made chart might be the tipping point to genuinely drive your point home. As a college or university student, you'll have to write several presentations in the duration of acquiring your degree. Contemplating that a vast majority of college students have courses teaching specialist communication skills, it's important to highlight that there may be instances when you've got to provide a group or individual presentation on a topic of your selection. You can pick any of the suggested topics to create an intriguing college presentation. A whole lot of students require assistance with assignment from professors and experts initially as they're newly introduced to man graded components in order to do well. If you buy an opportunity to deliver a business presentation, you can select a topic from the list given below. Now you're worried and are likely to shell out too much of your creative time hoping to decide on the most suitable topic and not rehearsing your presentation. You should repeat the principal ideas throughout your presentation so the critical points stick! To avoid losing your audience and receiving a lower grade, you ought to start with mulling over a few cool presentation suggestions to select an ideal topic. Maybe the most crucial portion of building an educational presentation is capturing that interest close to the outset. Students prepare presentations for many reasons, including some basic slides for important topic so they can review the class content quickly at the right time of examination. In school, it is generally utilized to assist you learn how to correctly decide on a topic which you can develop into a complete presentation, which is a significant skill to get later on. Selecting the very best topic for a presentation, researching and writing about it's a task that lots of students find quite tough to do. The theory behind contrast is to make slides that stand out at your audience and which they're able to easily read. Any man or woman who's invited to talk to a group of individuals may find himself wondering what things to speak about. You're giving a presentation before a room full of individuals. More to the point, the proper body language can cause you to be a more influential presenter. Famous lives The best American. Debate topics don't always need to be serious they are able to unquestionably be humorous also! Ideally, you ought to make notes as you find out more about the subject. Topics with which you're well acquainted with are inclined to be presented with more confidence. If you are feeling strongly on a specific subject, do your research and talk about doing it. Because there are several unique subjects, it may be quite tough for you to locate suitable topics for presentation assignments. You can also attempt exploring curious and controversial facets of a subject. You're full of choices. Based on the circumstance, you may rather not speak about topics related to get the job done. The next thing to do is to work out the 3 essential attributes for the job. Utilizing credit cards if you are not absolutely certain that you are able to make your payment in full within 30 days is risky. To get you started, we've prepared a thorough collection of 100 topics to have you thinking. Rather than scouring the internet for an image you may use or paying to license 1 image after another, an all-you-can download subscription to Elements gives you accessibility to the whole library. A bit similar to the desktop version, which means that you are going to have a couple challenges.

Mission can be defined as the purpose for existing company - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 15 Words: 4518 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Mission can be defined as the purpose why the organisation exists.(please refer appendix-5) .The mission of the organisation is of a long term with intention to give a sense of purpose, sense of direction and focus. The mission describes the values of the organisation, the aspirations and the reasons from being. (Daft,R 2000) The mission gives an organisation a broad view of its scope of the business. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Mission can be defined as the purpose for existing company" essay for you Create order For example an organisation that has a view to be a leader in producing detergents will tend to have a narrower scope compared to a business with mission to create clean and healthy society. The mission is the basis where the vision, goals and objectives are established. 2.0 The importance of a mission statement. The companys mission is normally expressed in the form of mission statements. The mission statement is a generalised statement of the overriding purpose of the organisation (Johnson G ,Scholes K, ,1999).An example of mission statement for the New Zealand Dairy Board To be the worlds leading marketer of dairy produce. The reason to have a mission statement is to answer the following questions (Kotler,1980) :- What is our business? Who is the customer? What is value to the customer? What will our business be? What should our business be? 3.0 Elements of a strong mission statement. An organisation is said to a have strong mission statement when it has the four elements contained and described in the Ashridge Model. (Please refer to appendix-5)The four elements are:- the purpose an organisation exists the strategy it is going to adopt behaviour standards it sets and the values. 3.1 Mission statement of SIS Institute. The mission statement of the SIS Institute states by exceeding customers expectations, the SIS Group will become a global leader in providing quality life long learning services. (Please refer appendix-2)The strength of the mission statement can be evaluated in terms of the four elements in the Ashridge Model. 3.2 A description of the Organisations purpose. The organisation purpose as stated by the Ashridge model is what is the company for? For whose benefit is all the effort being put in? Why should a manager or employee do more than required? (Wit D.B, Meyer R. 1998) The purpose of the organisation can be divided to satisfy only the shareholders needs, all the stakeholders needs or something greater than the combined needs of the stakeholders for example, something that the stakeholders can be proud of contributing to. At SIS Institute the purpose is to satisfy and benefit their customers by exceeding the customers expectations. This view is aimed towards a higher ideal which is further enforced in the core values of the firm.(please refer appendix-2.) This falls under the third category of the purpose the organisation exist where the stakeholders contribute to something which they feel satisfied and excited about, that is the future of the business depends on the customers. 3.3 The strategy is going to adopt. The strategy is to define what business the company is going to compete in, the position that the company plans to hold in the business it has defined and the distinctive competence or competitive advantage that the company plans to create. The SIS Institute mission states the business it is going to compete in is life long learning services. This is to be achieved by providing life long learning services for all ages. The position SIS Institute intends to hold is to be a global leader .SIS Institute plans to adopt a strategy in having a wide range of distribution networks round the globe through franchising business and virtual learning services through e-learning mode That is to provide a learning platform round the globe anytime anywhere. The quality is stressed on to achieve distinctive competence or competitive advantage. 3.4 Behaviour Standards. The behaviour standards of an organisation is explained by Bob de Wit and Ron Meyer using the Ashridge model that the mission statements should provide some philosophical or moral rationale to determine behavioural standards and at the same time to run alongside the commercial rationale that will capture the emotional energy of the organisation. As for SIS Institute the behaviour standards are centred towards exceeding customer satisfaction and providing quality life long learning which is morale rationale. The commercial rationale is by serving the customer well and providing quality product that will bring in more revenue. 3.5 Values These are the beliefs and moral principles that guides the organisations actions or forms a culture. Values are the basis to give meaning to the practices and behaviour standards in an organisation. That is what the senior management believes in. (Wit D.B, Meyer R. 1998) The core values of SIS Institute (please refer appendix-2) are centred to exceed customer satisfaction and provide quality life long learning services. These are expressed in terms of core values of SIS Institute. These values intent to provide moral rationale and as well as the commercial rationale. The values related to moral rationale are total customer satisfaction, people, community service, professionalism, innovative culture and speed. The values intent to provide commercial rationale are speed, stretched goals, profit and growth. 4.0 Recommendation. SIS Institute mission statement has all the four elements stated in the mission statement However since SIS Institute is dealing in services and employees are involved in providing these services, the contribution of the employees providing these services plays a very important role in satisfying customers. Therefore the employees behaviour and values expected should be reflected in the mission statement to determine how valuable their contribution towards quality and exceeding customer satisfaction. In view to this the mission statement could be suggested as follows:- To be a global leader in providing quality life long learning services, by using all our members and the employees talent to exceeding customers expectations. 5.0 PESTEL analysis The PESTEL analysis is to carry out an appraisal of the external environment. An organisation is an open system. Its operations are affected and influenced by the changes taking place in the environment. Hence in order for an organisation to remain fit it should adjust to these changes. Therefore the PESTEL analysis is inevitable to provide an insight of what is happening in the environment that effects the organisation and the industry a particular firm is in. The acronym PESTEL stands for :- Political Factors Economic Social /demographic Technological Environmental Legal This analysis will help the firm to identify its opportunities and also threats. Where by it can take early steps to exploit any opportunities and counter the threats. Such an analysis is important for the firm to shape its future direction. The PESTEL analysis of SIS Institute. SIS Institute is currently providing higher education and corporate training in Information Technology and Business. Therefore SIS Institute is registered as a Private Education Institution of higher learning under the Ministry of Education Malaysia. This industry had and is facing a lot of challenges in this country. They are affected by the changes in the political and legal, economic, social and demographic, technological, environment-ethical issues. 6.1 Political and legal Political factors includes a countrys political stability or in stability, it also include the government control of the economy and legislation of the country. The political and legal factors influence SIS Institute are as follows :- Government policy in education The Government of Malaysia has played and is playing a role to support and establish the higher education sector in this country by setting up and giving approval to Institution to provide higher education such as private universities and colleges. The Intention of this is to create Malaysia as a centre of educational excellence and become a hub to provide education round the globe. This is an opportunity for SIS Institute to set up new centres in the region where there is a market and perhaps setting up an IT University. Government as a provider of finance At the same time the government of Malaysia has provided allocation of funds through scholarships example National Social Security(SOCSO), educational loans from various political bodies example the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO),Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA), Malaysian Indian Congress(MIC). Various banks also extend loans without collateral for local students to continue their education for example Standard Chartered Bank The working groups are all compulsory contributors of the Employees Provident Fund. The government has given the levy to use these funds for those who intent to enrol in these institution to further their studies. Government policy in foreign students recruitment The government has given approval to certain colleges including SIS Institute to recruit foreign students. However the government has made a recent announcement that the licences to recruit students will expire in six months for all Private Education Institutions and they have been given a grace period of six months to re apply. This was enforced as certain quarters had abused the foreign students visa to bring in foreign workers in this country i.e. instead of studying they are working and further some institutions do not meet the minimum standards of a status of a college. This has tarnished the image of the country as an education provider. Therefore SIS Institute Government policy in training the retrenched workers The government had made announcement to provide training to graduates who are unemployed and retrain workers who are retrenched from their jobs due to economic slowdown. New Education Act 1996 The change of Law under the new education act where all Private education institutions of higher learning must be registered as a limited company with a minimum paid up capital RM200000. All the approvals to operation such Institution prior to 1997 will be expired and all Institution of higher learning are required to reapply for approval to continue its operations for every course which is conducted a fee is imposed and other stricter regulation with regard to operations has are stipulated and imposed. This regulation has been met with the SIS Institute for all the 20 centres around the country National Accreditation Board The national accreditation board requires all institutions to conduct courses which have met minimum standards set by this board. The board will have a panel to decide on the quality of courses provided. This board act as an agent body to the Ministry of education to report on the courses applied for by the operators have met the minimum standards and recommend approval to conduct the courses. However SIS Institute has not got approval for most of its courses is from the National Accreditation Board and therefore it is illegal to conduct courses which have not got prior approval from the ministry and gone through the National Accreditation Board. 6.2 Economic factors The economic factors includes the rate of growth in the economy, the interest rates, the fiscal and monetary policy , exchange rates and so forth. These effects the level of demand and the cost of capital. The economic factors that influences the SIS Institute are as follows :- 1998 Crash The devaluation of the Malaysian currency crisis in the year 1998 had caused almost all courses provided by SIS Institute to increase the fees as they were paid in foreign currency. This caused students to drop out and also led to breaking up of ties with foreign Universities. This caused the SIS Institute to renegotiate with its foreign universities partners and also look for new strategic alliances. Until now the effect of the 1998 crash still exist for SIS Institute as it has only a limited partnership with foreign universities. The pegging of Ringgit to US Dollars has not helped. Unemployment rate The Unemployment rate in certain sectors especially in the Electronic Industry is on the rise. This provides an opportunity for SIS Institute to capture this market to retrain these people in the technology under the Government aid. Disposable income The government has compulsory deduction of the employee to a contribution fund where previously was 11% from the income earned by the employee. This has been revised by the to 8% by the government leaving more income to the employee to spend. This will help the employee to use the extra income which can be spent on the education. Fiscal policy The Government has a policy to allow all funds to be used for educational which is purpose allowable for tax deduction to be paid to the Inland revenue. Social and cultural factors Social and cultural factors include trends in the population as a whole: its size, where people live, the age distribution and so on. The social factors that influence the SIS institute are as follows :- Population demographics. The number of students passing out of the higher secondary has increased over the years. This too provides an opening to the school leavers to continue their education. Attitudes towards education The Malaysian society has this attitude to send their children to further their studies once they have completed their higher secondary school to local institutions especially in Information technology courses. This creates an opportunity for SIS Institute to provide courses in Information Technology. 6.4 Technological These are issues includes the rate of change of new product technology, new process technology, government spending on research and development for information technology. The factors that influences the SIS Institute are as follows :- Government spending Government allocates millions on research in Information Technology. This provides an opportunity to SIS Institute to indulge on this activity which it has not ventured yet and make use of such allocation provided by the government. Government project development for Multimedia super corridor and ICT. The government effort and focus on such projects are in line with what the SIS Institute is providing i.e. Information Technology education. This provides an opportunity to SIS Institute to provide more training programmes in this area. The changes in computer technology SIS Institute is providing Information Technology education the speed of change in the computer hardware and software is quite rapid. Therefore SIS Institute needs to have heavy capital investment in all these resource in order to remain fit in the business. 6.5 Environmental issues. This refers to green issues such as social responsibility, ethical considerations. The factors that influence the SIS Institute are as follows :- Ethical issue. Under the National Accreditation Board all courses are to be taught by qualified Lecturers . For instance the Diploma level a lecturer should be at least to be a Bachelors degree holder and for teaching a degree cause should be at least a masters degree holder and teaching the masters course at least to be a Phd holder. This was not the case in the previous ruling. Therefore many institution has tied up employment contracts with employees who are not well qualified to cut cost. Now with the new ruling this is a problem for the SIS Institute as now the lecturers are required to upgrade themselves. Social responsibility. So far SIS Institute is only giving scholarships to the needy students. It is needed for SIS Institute to do more example providing free training to the school teachers which in line with government policy on equipping all schools with computer facilities. 7.0 7S analysis 7S analysis is an appraisal of internal environment of a particular firm. Such an analysis conducted will help to identify the strengths and weaknesses of a particular firm or company. The seven S analysis can be divided into structure, strategy, systems, style, staff, skills and shared values. 7.1 Structure The Organisation structure of the SIS Institute is a flat structure with certain function carried out at the Head Office to reduce duplication and to have control(please refer to appendix-3). The organisation structure appears to be suitable but however the student service section should be separated from the part of operations itself as there is a need to focus on customer service. Having one person overseeing only this section will increase the importance of how serious the organisation is in providing service to its customers and in line with exceeding customers satisfaction. Therefore the new structure of the organisation will have this service function shown separately.(please refer appendix-4) 7.2 Strategy The company s corporate strategies adopted currently are to increase market share through franchising business. So far they have set up 20 centres round the country and have plans to expand in China, Pakistan and India. The top management have been successful in this expansion. The operational strategy of the company is concentrated on the sales and marketing activities. This is to bring in students and increase revenue. The academic function is overlooked where lecturers are inexperienced and fresh graduates with less or no exposure of the industry are employed. The lecturers are made to teach subjects which are not within the area of expertise. Hence lacking substance the quality is affected. This is a weakness and causes a high dropout rate for the students. 7.3 Systems At the SIS Institute all centres are certified by the ISO 9000 quality system. The system in place has a uniform practice and procedures in dealing with all administration of the Institute for all the 20 centres. This a strength of the SIS Institute. At the same time the management has implemented a Total Quality management system to get feedback for continuous improvement from all employees working with the system implemented in the organisation. 7.4 Style The management style at SIS Institute is autocratic. Whereby any decision to be made has to be referred to the top management. Although the company has a flatter structure at the shop floor all decisions and directives comes from the top. The reason could be because of the inexperience management at shopfloor level. This a weakness to the SIS institute as sound timely decisions cannot be made. Corrective action cannot be taken on time. Hence affecting the organisations productivity. 7.5 Staff The staff of SIS Institute is having a low morale as the firm is generally not doing well as the competition is stiff. Since the 1998 crisis most of the staff has had a pay cut and empty promises made by the management have caused the employees to be demoralised. The staff were not given bonus even when the company made a profit last year. The staff who perform are not recognised and promotions are given to those who do not perform well in the organisation through the wimps and fancies of the top management. This has caused the quality staff to leave the company to the competitors causing a high labour turnover. Most of the Centres of SIS Institute are managed by young graduates who have little experience. The whistle blowers are shunned and efforts are put in to phase them out from the organisation. This will affect the organisation operations. Despite having good training programmes like IS0 9000 certification and total quality management these are just an eye a wash for the publ ic. Furthermore there are many staff who are not qualified and no effort is made on the part of the Management to support on to planning their staff education career, have flexible hours of working, study leave or even loan for staff who are interested in advancing their career. This is a serious problem and the management of SIS Institute have to take immediate steps to curb this problem. 7.6 Skills The organisation key personnel is the top management. All of them are known as the founders the organisation. The key personnel are highly qualified and have years of experience in the education business. However all of them are concentrating on strategic issues. The problem lies with the key personnel at the shop floor level who are fresh graduates and lack experience. This a serious weakness as the happening is at the shop floor level. If this is not looked into to improve, it will affect the company strategically. 7.7 Shared values The company has strong core values as stated and the mission statement in view of this the top management has made a directive for all centres to go for quality and exceed customers expectation. In view to this SIS Institute is among the very few colleges in the country that have been certified by ISO9000. It is one of the very first education Institution to have a total quality management implemented. The ISO 9000 documentations have laid the standard operating procedures for all the core activities and support functions. This is a strength of the organisation. 8.0 Conclusion. The SIS Institute has got a sound system in place and a lot of good opportunities to exploit. These opportunities can only be exploited if SIS Institute brings major changes in their operation strategies, managing style and value of people. Appendix-1 SIS Institute, Malaysia Overview The Company- profile SIS Institute was set up with a mission to be a centre of excellence for training and education in Information Technology in the region. Today, through the support of our dedicated staff, we have accomplished what we set out to achieve. Growing by leaps and bounds from its humble beginning a single centre in 1984, SIS Institute now operates 20 CitiCampuses in 20 locations in Malaysia. SIS Institute offers courses covering Information Technology and engineering, and ranging from evening classes for computer application packages to degree twinning programmes. SIS Institute has allied itself with International software developers through appointments as the Authorised Training Centre for Autodesk and many others. As a result of these alliances, SIS Institute is able to provide the latest software and courses to benefit students from the general public and corporations. SIS Institute also has alliances with universities to offer degree programmes for professionals seeking to u pgrade their knowledge and qualifications. SIS Institute has established exclusive links for programme validation and certification with renowned universities, such as conduct the Diploma in Computer Studies programmes, to conduct the Advanced Diploma in Computer Studies. With his collaboration, graduates of Diploma and Advanced Diploma in Computer Studies are eligible for further studies in many universities in the US,UK and Australia In order that our standards of delivery remain high and constant, we must have certain standards. A total quality management is already part of our present culture. SIS Institute is currently embarking on a nationwide ISO 9002 certification and this should spur an even higher level of professional service among staffs. The certification is annually reviewed and this ensures that all levels of participation is necessary to make it a success. SIS Institute aims to continuously provide its students with the best educational programmes, through acad emic partnerships with world-renowned universities and global technology holders.. To further extend its global reach, SIS Institute had embarked on an ambitious regionalisation plan using international franchising programme and strategic acquisitions which eventually leading to set up its present global network training and education centres. The launching of online learning and educational programmes and cyber-campuses to complement course deliveries to students and to reach out to the world market through the Internet.SIS Institute core business activities are IT training and education, business training, education and IT-related services and franchise operations. Products of SIS Institute. Appendix-1 continued SIS Institute business programmes are phrased from certificate, diploma, and professional diploma right to degree, Master degree and PHd levels. We have established links with renowned universities in United Kingdom, Australia and the United States of America. SIS Institute will provide you with rich experience and opportunity to enhance your ability in terms of development skills and empowering you with career skills. Facilities Convenient location Our CitiCampuses are located in areas easily accessible by public transport. Excellent Facilities Where quality remains paramount Besides providing up-to-date quality programmes and as a part of its total customer satisfaction, SIS Institute continuously strives to provide excellent facilities and services Approachable lecturers Lecturers in SIS Institute are not only well-qualified and experienced, they are also dedicated, approachable and give special personal attention to a student where needed. Conducive environment We believe that a conducive study environment is important too. Most of our CitiCampuses are equipped with spacious, air-conditioned lecture room/halls and group-study rooms. Appendix-1 continued State-of-the-art equipment Lecture rooms are equipped with the latest training aids while computer labs are equipped with networked Pentium II III PCs, IBM AS/400, IBM RISC 600. Engineering labs are equipped with the latest state-of-the-art equipment. We also utilise the latest smartcard technology in our CitiCampuses. Our computer labs are also connected to the Internet via leased lines. Well-stocked libraries Students have ready access to in-house reference and resource libraries while certain CitiCampuses have video and multimedia reference materials. Video conferencing facilities Such facilities are available at major CitiCampuses, allowing interactive lecture sessions between student and lecturer at different locations. Students therefore get to experience a virtual classroom environment. Helpful counselors Our course consultants and student service personnel are ever-ready to provide students with asSIS Institutetance and counseling whenever needed Convenient location Our CitiCampuses are located in areas easily accessible by public transport. Appendix-2 Corporate Vision , Mission and core values Our Vision To be a Global Leader in Providing Quality Life-long Learning Services Our Mission By exceeding customers expectations, the Informatics Group will become a global leader in providing quality life-long learning services Our Core Values Total Customer Satisfaction We focus to understand our Customers and strive to deliver with speed to delight them by exceeding their expectations. People We value our People and are committed to training and developing them and instilling self-confidence in whatever they do to realize their fullest potential. Speed We manifest Speed in every of our actions, making it our competitive advantage. Stretched Goals We set Stretched Goals to exploit every market opportunity to maximize the shareholders return. Innovative Culture We execute with simplicity and strive for continuous improvement to achieve excellence in everything we do. Professionalism We uphold the highest standards of ethics and integrity. Community Service We strive to be a good corporate citizen in every Community that we serve. Profit We endeavour to provide the desirable return to our shareholders and rewards to other stakeholders. Growth We are committed to long-term sustainable growth and in so doing ensuring lasting rewarding careers to our people. Appendix-3 Current Organisation Structure Head Office Board of Directors Personnel Director Financial Director Director Academic Operations Director Area 2 Regional Directors Centre Manager Area 1 Regional Directors Area 3 Regional Director Centre Manager Centre Manager Centre Manager General support Title : SIS Institute Organisation structure Centre Manager Operations Manager Sales and Marketing Academic Manager Title : SIS Institute Organisation structure-Centre level. Exam dept Maintenance Appendix-4 Proposed Organisation structure Operations Director Head Office Board of Directors Personnel Director Financial Director Director Academic Service Director Area 2 Regional Directors Centre Manager Area 1 Regional Directors Area 3 Regional Director Exam dept Centre Manager Centre Manager Centre Manager Title :Proposed SIS Institute Organisation structure Sales and Marketing Centre Manager Operations Manager Academic Manager Service Manager Student support services Maintenance Title :Proposed SIS Institute Organisation structure-Centre level. Appendix-5 Definitions of mission by Richard Daft The organisations reason for existence. Definitions of mission by Patrick McNamee An organisations mission is the basic function in society and it is refelected in the products and services that is provides for its customers or clients. The Ashridge Business model. 1 Purpose Why the company exists. 2 Company values What senior management believes in. 3 Standards and behaviours The policies and behaviour patterns that guide how the company operates. 4 Strategy The commercial rationale.