Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 6

Brain science - Essay Example There is a natural desire to gain fulfillment at the physical and physiological levels. The physical needs of people are to obtain satisfactory safe house, food, garments, training, wellbeing, and thriving. The mental needs try to gain freedom and independence through the improvement of different capabilities and aptitudes (Bridges, 2004). The humanistic methodology contends that people endeavor to utilize their encounters and conditions to create specific convictions and qualities. Self improvement happens when the individual can believe in close to home emotions and characteristics. It is the regular want of people to accomplish happiness and acknowledgment so goals can be met. The early stages help kids to create practices and moves that are made from guardians, kin, companions, and educators (Bohart, 2001). The youngster wants to have acknowledgment and advance with the goal that an inward fulfillment can be created. Rogers contended that the holes between the perfect and genuine conditions make mental issues. These issues can prevent the psychological and physical advancement of people. It makes deterrents that keep the person from accomplishing happiness and fulfillment throughout everyday life. Understood memory is a term used to depict the subliminal inspiration that helps in the achievement of objectives and destinations. The inner mind process is guided through individual encounters in a deliberate and intelligent way. Certain memory tries to comprehend the natural and intrinsic procedures that help individuals to perform undertakings in a productive and powerful way (Roediger, 2003). It very well may be observationally broke down and evaluated by utilizing a mental procedure called preparing. This strategy acquaints guineas pigs with explicit impetuses and sparks. The upgrade can either be visual, sound-related, or nonexistent yet it delivers the ideal outcome. An individual will have the option to play out an errand utilizing subliminal procedures. This system helps people in building up various abilities and capabilities. Various undertakings can use verifiable memory that is helpful for individuals. The procedure of converse perusing or finishing jigsaw puzzles is in stances of understood memory (Chun, 2000). The individual uses subliminal encounters so as to achieve such errands. Different errands could incorporate procedures that require the complex investigation and appraisal of new issues. Express memory requires the utilization of cognizant so as to finish certain undertakings. It requires significant levels of mindfulness and recognition so as to accomplish the ideal outcomes. Anyway understood memory uses subliminal recollections and procedures to finish assignments. Reber contended that understood memory can assist people with gaining fulfillment and happiness with the general condition. It can assume a critical job in the obtaining of complex abilities and skills (Chun and Phelps, 2000). Change Blindness Change visual deficiency alludes to circumstances in which people can't recognize adjustments and modifications in the visual condition. Boundaries and impediments hinder the capacity of the natural eye to precisely screen changes in the earth. Visual transient memory (VSTM) can instigate change visual impairment in various manners. The individual may make a visual blunder by neglecting to precisely record the adjustments in the en

Why College Students Should Not Turn To Caffeine

Why College Students Should Not Turn To Caffeine Presentation Caffeine is an energizer that is extricated from plants with its significant source being espresso plants. In its removed structure, caffeine exists as precious stones which are harsh in taste. As an animating medication, caffeine is ordinarily utilized by adolescents particularly those in school. This paper tries to examine the reasons why undergrads ought not go to caffeine. The paper will take a gander at a portion of the pattern of inclusion of understudies into caffeine utilization and the dangers that encompass utilization of caffeine by school students.Advertising We will compose a custom exploration paper test on Why College Students Should Not Turn To Caffeine explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Caffeine use by undergrads The utilization of caffeine by understudies has been distinguished as a typical issue. Being promptly accessible in soda pops, for example, â€Å"coffee, tea, cocoa, chocolate, sodas and over the counter preparations† (Landrum 151), understudies who have come to accept that caffeine can animate their bodies to react more to the requests for more investigation time are progressively engaging in the utilization of caffeine deliberately for its invigorating impacts (Landrum 151). Various explores that have after some time been directed on the utilization of caffeine by understudies uncovered a few patterns in such utilizations. One of the patterns that have been acknowledged as for the utilization of the medication in school is that caffeine utilization by understudies bears some relationship to the degree of exertion that understudies need at a specific time in their investigation. This follows the school framework that has less work for the understudies toward the start of a scholarly season which bit by bit increments with time as the understudies approach their tests. As per explores, it has been altogether recognized that as understudies approach the test time frames, their pace of utilization of caffeine increments. The understudies have in this way connected caffeine with the ability to contemplate, a supposition that is advancing the utilization of the substance among undergrads (Landrum 151). Females have been distinguished to expend caffeine more than male understudies. For whatever reasons, the utilization of the substance is subsequently reliant on sex and the more female understudies are in a school establishment, the more utilization of caffeine is probably going to be enrolled by the organization. The degree of position of understudies in school additionally impacts utilization of the substance. It has, for instance, been distinguished that the degree of utilization of caffeine is legitimately relative to the investigation levels in school. A more elevated level of utilization is therefore acknowledged by senior understudies than their lesser partners. It in this manner realizes the feeling that school condition has a trademark highlight of affecting understudie s to utilize the substance.Advertising Looking for research paper on instruction? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Whether this impact is actuated by the institutions’ frameworks or only a negligible impact that is driven by understudies among themselves, the issue is that undergrads are going to the utilization of caffeine as a methods for making sure about their scholastic achievement. The connection between the utilization of the substance to the degree of investigation of understudies and the scholarly season according to tests underpins the case that undergrads are depending on caffeine (Landrum 151). Why understudies ought not go to caffeine The utilization of caffeine by undergrads can be ascribed to impact that is activated by either the understudies or the scholastic condition that is once in a while difficult to understudies compelling them to resort into substances that can animate their bodies to continue add itional endeavors as they expand their contemplating time. There are, be that as it may, various reasons with respect to why understudies ought not consider caffeine to be an answer for getting of additional endeavors in contemplates. Utilization of caffeine has been related with various dangers and risks that can represent a few impediments to an understudy. One of the impacts of caffeine is the interference that it causes to a person’s rest. Individuals who are profoundly into significant level of caffeine utilizations have the issues of interfered with rests. This interference is especially risky for understudies as they are relied upon to have enough rest and rest in their lives. The understudies will on the opposite have inadequate measure of rest that is no doubt transmitted into the day when complete consideration is required in class. Going to classes in a languid condition will along these lines diminish the student’s viability in comprehension. As per Kley Ka ra, utilization of caffeine has the impact of expanding â€Å"heart rate and blood pressure† (Kley 1). Such effects have a chance of workaholic behavior the heart which may prompt failing of the heart. Understudies who are much into caffeine utilization are accordingly at risk for heart issues that can emerge from issues, for example, heart failures because of the heart muscles being exhausted. Such difficulties have more noteworthy effects in the life of an individual remembering passing for the instance of extreme captures. Same inconveniences can emerge for the situation expanded circulatory strain. Wooziness has likewise been an effect of utilization of noteworthy degree of caffeine. Along with â€Å"irritability and restlessness†, a student’s level of focus will be undermined following utilization of caffeine (Kley 1). Different impacts of caffeine incorporate â€Å"decreased blood stream to the stomach, expanded danger of osteoporosis in later age† (Kley 1) other than its addictive nature. A person who falls into fixation of caffeine utilization further has the threat of delayed and progressively extreme effects of the general impacts of caffeine utilization (Kley 1). Overabundance utilization of caffeine has likewise been related with â€Å"dehydration, the runs and ulcers† (Faith Purpose 1). Clinical confusions of these impacts impactsly affect a student’s capacity to join in and gather in class. Lack of hydration, for instance, prompts outrageous fatigue of the body following diminished usefulness of body organs; a portion of these capacities are identified with the cerebrum framework and subsequently incites an express that may not be positive for an understudy to study.Advertising We will compose a custom exploration paper test on Why College Students Should Not Turn To Caffeine explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Cases, for example, ulcers then again have the limit of exposing an individu al to hospitalization. An understudy will along these lines experience the ill effects of agony just as miss class exercises while experiencing treatment following clinical intricacies that are incited by utilization of caffeine. Other direct effects of over the top utilization of caffeine incorporate â€Å"increased premenstrual, issues in the stomach and the throat, cerebral pains and risen body temperature† (Faith Purpose 1). Utilization of caffeine additionally has the danger of diminishing degrees of certain minerals in the body. It has, for instance, been set up that abundance caffeine in the body assumes a job in diminishing the degree of iron and calcium in the body. A person who expends a lot of caffeine subsequently hazards inadequacy of such minerals and the results of such lacks. Lack of iron, for instance, which is fundamental in the improvement of bones and the creation of red platelets, can in this way present danger to a person’s prosperity. Unreasonabl e caffeine utilization is in this manner distinguished to be risky to lives of understudies (Faith Purpose 1). Endless supply of substances that are wealthy in caffeine, an individual encounters diminished time span taken to respond to circumstances. This implies utilization of caffeine rich substances can instigate quicker unmediated responses. Regardless of whether in class work or outside class, an understudy is liable to settling on speedy choices that could be mistaken. An instance of a mix-up made in a class task or a test because of the instigated brisk reaction of caffeine can cost an understudy checks and even evaluations in conclusive reviewing in school. Since female undergrads are grown-ups who can simultaneously get pregnant, the threats of caffeine to the strength of an unborn youngster or a newborn child is similarly a motivation behind why caffeine utilization ought to be checked by female understudies. This risk can be talked about in two viewpoints: that of an unde rgrad who is eager in school and is expending elevated level of caffeine and that of a lady who got dependent on caffeine utilization while in school. Unnecessary admission of caffeine by an eager lady is especially hazardous in the way that caffeine effectively diffuses through the placenta into the unborn child’s framework. Also, a bosom taking care of mother can pass caffeine content into her child’s body through the breast’s milk. The threat under these contemplations is that while the adults’ body frameworks are sufficiently grown to wipe out the poisonous caffeine by normal procedures, the body of an unborn or a small kid isn't sufficiently grown to take out the caffeine substance in itself. Use of caffeine by these ladies in this way actuates a degree of inebriation to their youngsters. The worry ought to be sufficiently tended to under caffeine utilization at the school because of the chance of compulsion which may be powerful all through a womanà ¢â‚¬â„¢s life (Goldberg 235).Advertising Searching for research paper on instruction? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More There is a likelihood that an understudy occupied with utilization of caffeine items might be taking a lot of the caffeine without staying alert. Following the absence of detail of substances as far as t

Bomb Drop essays

Bomb Drop papers Dropping the nuclear bomb Japan was flippant, illogical, and superfluous. The choice to drop the nuclear bomb was one which was surged, and subsequently, not completely broke down to comprehend the repercussions that it would have. Despite the fact that it did effectively end World War II, it was not required on the grounds that the Japanese were without assets on their island because of the viable Ally ocean barricade, and it wouldn't have been long until they would give up. The loss of some more fighters lives is a little cost contrasted with the harm that should be possible by all the nations who presently know about such a ruinous weapon and are hustling to make their own. Because of the speed at which the Manhattan venture was surged, the researchers were always unable to completely test the drawn out impacts of such a ground-breaking weapon. The researchers, who were clearly the most educated regarding the seriousness of this weapon, didn't feel that the bomb ought to be dropped, and believed that it was viable enough as an obstruction. Be that as it may, in the wake of burning through two billion dollars on the Manhattan venture, there was a feeling that the bomb must be dropped to prompt persistent subsidizing. All things considered, How would you get congress to suitable cash for nuclear vitality inquire about in the event that you don't show results for the cash which has been spent as of now. (The Agony of Atomic Scientists) This purpose behind dropping the bomb is totally unethical on the grounds that it made Japans regular people the guinea pigs for the bomb so as to persuade congress to spend more cash on investigate which can pulverize the w orld. General Eisenhower expressed, I communicated the expectation that we could never need to utilize something like this against any adversary since I loathed seeing the United States start to lead the pack in bringing into war something as repulsive and damaging as this new weapon was depicted to be. As one of the most preeminent powers on the planet, the United States ought to be committed to make wor ... <!

Ist Corinthians Essays - Christology, Resurrection,

Ist Corinthians First Corinthians is a solitary, entire record composed by Paul in the mid 50's C.E. The letter was written in Ephesus, and planned for the individuals from a congregation that had been recently worked in Corinth, Greece. Paul centered the correspondences, to the congregation, on certain issues that were tormenting the residents of Corinth. The issues included sex, Christian solidarity, conduct in the congregation, and revival. Through every correspondence, Paul gives rules and headings for the individuals of Corinth to follow. Paul's letters to Corinth were the most broad correspondences to any one church or city in the whole New Testament. Paul changed over to Christianity from Judaism as a result of a disclosure of Jesus Christ. Presently, Paul was heading out around northern Greece to places of worship in Phillipi, Thessalonica, and Beroea. Paul quickly halted in Athens before traveling to Corinth. The way that Paul had the option to make this long excursion shows the quality, endurance, and the profoundly felt convictions that conveyed Paul en route. Paul remained in the city of Corinth for about eighteen months, before cruising to Ephesus. It is from this city that Paul composed the letters to the congregation in Corinth. The individuals of Corinth were in no way, shape or form holy people or holy messengers. The Emperor, Augustus, made the city of Corinth the most extravagant and most extravagant city in the entirety of Greece, just as the most occupied. Indeed, the city was the Greek capital in 27 C.E. When Paul showed up in 50 C.E., the city had gained notoriety for success, exchange and realism. Corinth was additionally a huge and occupied seaport that had numerous mariners, which would visit from all over Europe. These mariners were famous for sticking around the armies of whores that possessed the city. The benefactor goddess was Aphrodite, and it was nothing unexpected that numerous residents of Corinth were taking part in sexual acts that they ought not. It is for this very explanation that Paul composed two letters, presenting the standards of sexual morals that the individuals ought to follow. Likewise, the primary letter to Corinth shows that early Christians were from various foundations, both rich and poor, not simply poor people. It is this financial assorted variety that advances various perspectives and practices in the congregation. These various perspectives and practices are what undermined the solidarity of the congregation in Corinth. This city was in critical need of the letters from Paul, to help show them the right method to live their lives. The primary thing that Paul needed to do, was to end all the competitions and issues among the Corinthians that were causing a division among the majority. As expressed in 1 Corinthians 8-10, he needed the individuals of Corinth to cooperate in an agreeable manner that would be commonly gainful to all. Presently there were not that numerous in the gathering, possibly 50 or 100, yet the gathering was partition into a few coteries. It was the clubs that Paul wished to end. Contrasts in social, financial, and instructive foundations were a major piece of the motivation behind why there was any division whatsoever. These distinctions prompted a serious nature due to certain gatherings thinking they were better, and progressively better than different gatherings. Paul's conviction was this, there was no distinction in the event that you were dark, white, Greek or Roman, and every individual is one in Jesus Christ. He was attempting to show the individuals of Corinth that in the new confid ence, there was no spot for either seriousness or individual pride. Truth be told it was the pride, or pretentiousness that Paul focused on the most. Paul realized that a portion of the residents in Corinth believed themselves to have the option to have a more profound comprehension of things, than that of their kindred Christians. Paul needed to put each resident of Corinth on a similar playing field mentally. Actually, he let it be known to the residents that they didn't discover Christ, Christ uncovered himself to them, voluntarily. Paul likewise, in this first correspondence, attempted to characterize the constraints of a Christian's opportunity. Paul needed the individuals of Corinth to not stress over Torah. Essentially, the residents were free

Beowulf vs grendel Essays - Beowulf, English-language Films, Geats

Beowulf versus Grendel The epic sonnet, Beowulf, is injected with the powers of haziness and the powers of light, paradise and hellfire. These powers represent the powers of good and wickedness, between two of the fundamental characters, Beowulf, and his adversary, Grendel. Grendel's watery refuge is dull, and he just chases around evening time? dimness. The brave warriors lobbies would they say they were celebrate is enlightened? light. These two models are only one of the numerous distinctions depicted in the epic. Alongside contrasts, there are likewise likenesses. For instance, during Beowulf?s and Grendel?s battle scene, the characters give off an impression of being the rebirth of old Mithraic twins, Cautes and Cautopates, who speak to life and passing. Grendel and Beowulf are totally various creatures, when one detail draws out an equivalent change in the other. Grendel is a relative of Cain and a man-eater who is dreaded by the Danes. Living with his mom at the base of a foul lake, which thus his name, ?grenja? which means ?to roar,? or on the other hand ?base of a waterway.? Grendel comes out around evening time, leaving his watery lair in scan for food. His prey, tipsy warriors who sleep in Hrothgar?s brilliant lobbies, butchering them as they rest, and afterward hauling their bleeding body back to his nest for his very own banquet. Amazing warrior from Geatland and Edgetho?s child, Beowulf, is human, however appears to be super-human, having the quality of thirty men. Beowulf is likewise a beast here and there, however not in the sense as Grendel. Beowulf shows up at King Hrothgar?s realm with thirteen of his warriors, to help King Hrothgar with Grendel, with King Hrothgar tolerating Beowulfs promise to execute Grendel. Beowulf intends to rest at King Hrothgar?s palace, and hang tight for Grendels appearance. Soon thereafter, Grendel goes to the manor, eats up a portion of the men, and afterward stood up to by Beowulf. Grendel is insusceptible to human weapons, so Beowulf goes up against Grendel with his uncovered hands, and with his super-human quality, rips off Grendel?s arm. Grendel?s demise and his underhanded nature are straightforwardly associated with haziness. The association among malevolence and haziness are redundant all through the content, and is most grounded with the physical depiction of Grendel?s nook, where his dead carcass rests. As damnation gets Grendel?s body, a feeling of harmony and alleviation is available. Beowulf?s base want for blood and savagery and his stories of his killings do no vary much from Grendel?s bleeding night slaughters at Herot. Beowulf and Grendel neither need weapons to battle, Grendel being safe to man-made weapons, charmed sharp edges, and can not be injured by them, however Beowulf, human, massacres Grendel without the guide of man-made weapons. This hoists Beowulf over the human measures, uncovering increasingly tremendous characteristics. Beowulf and Grendel repudiate one another, yet they additionally praise one another. The two of them represent paradise and heck, light and dim, life and passing with every trademark they each hold. The two characters take on ?non-human? qualities, Grendel being an enormous being and Beowulf having superhuman capacities.

How to Figure Out Exactly What to Charge for Your Freelance Work

How to Figure Out Exactly What to Charge for Your Freelance Work Mark and Dan are highly skilled freelance writers. Both of them make $5,000 per month on average. Their skill levels and the quality of their work are at par.Yet, there is a huge difference in their lifestyles.Mark works 60+ hours every week, with his time divided between several clients.He barely gets time to spend with his family. The last vacation he took was three years ago. There is simply no time for such things. He knows he has to sacrifice such luxuries in order earn a decent income.Dan’s lifestyle is the complete opposite of Mark’s. Mark only works 25 hours each week, with his time divided between just two clients.Working only 25 hours a week, he has ample time to spend with his young kids. He even has time to take a one month long vacation every year. Dan is actually living the freelancer’s dream!How is it even possible for two freelance writers with equal skills and equal quality of work to have such different lifestyles?The answer lies in their pricing strategies. M ark believes that freelancing is a competitive industry, and therefore his charges low rates in order to attract more clients. This means that he has to put in a lot of time in his work in order to earn a decent income.Dan, on the other hand, knows the value of his work. Instead of pricing his services competitively, he charges premium rates for his services.With his higher rates, he gets higher quality clients and only has to work a few hours each day to sustain himself and his family.In the last couple of years, freelancing has become an attractive working model, and a huge number of people are ditching full time employment in favor of freelancing.By 2016, 35% of the US workforce were freelancers, with the number set to hit 42% by 2020. Freelancing gives you the freedom to choose your own schedule, be your own boss, and choose the kind of projects you want to work on.Despite its benefits, most professionals who switch to freelancing find themselves with one huge challenge â€" how to price their services.With freelancing, there is no guaranteed monthly income. You can make thousands of dollars one month and make nothing the following month. You are responsible for costs like your health insurance, taxes and licenses.You are also responsible for other costs associated with running your freelance business, such as purchase of equipment and materials, marketing, and so on.All these are factors you need to put into consideration when coming up with your freelance rates, and if you are just starting out, it can all be a bit confusing.Because of this, most new freelancers experience a moment of dread and anxiety when a client asks the following question: “So, how much do you charge for your services?”THE TWO MAJOR PRICING MODELS FOR FREELANCERS As a freelancer, there are two major pricing models that you can use for you services â€" hourly pricing and project based (fixed) pricing.Hourly PricingThis is the most common method for freelancers who are just startin g out, because this model is quite simplistic. With this method, you come up with an hourly rate for your work and then multiply that by the number of hours you will spend doing the work.You can use different methods to come up with your hourly rate.My preferred method for setting an hourly rate is to first decide the amount of money you want to earn in a year and then divide it by the number of billable hours you will spend working.For instance, if you want to earn $60,000 dollars a year, that means you should earn $5,000 each month. If you intend to work for 40 billable hours each week, then you need to charge $125 per hour.In this case, if a client gives you a project that takes you ten hours, you would then charge them $1,250 for the project. A good way of making the hourly pricing model work well for you and the client is to use time tracking software to track the amount of time you spend working on the client’s project.Hourly pricing is a good model you do not know how long the project is going to take you. For instance, if the client is not very sure of the scope of the project, meaning that there will be change of plans and numerous revisions, the hourly pricing keeps you protected.Even if some work is halted midway and has to be redone, you still get paid for the work you put in.Similarly, if you are offering a new service and cannot make an accurate estimate for how long it is going to take you, hourly pricing is the best option for you. This is why most freelancers who are just starting out might prefer using this model.Unfortunately, the hourly pricing model is limiting. As you become more experienced and better at your work, you will generally become more efficient. You start utilizing better tools and systems, you learn a few shortcuts here and there, you learn new tricks, and so on.As a result, you become faster in your work.You start doing in a few hours something that would initially take you a whole day. The quality of your work also improv es. With the hourly pricing model, this becomes a disadvantage for you. Despite becoming more efficient in your work and producing a higher quality of work, you start earning less because you spend less time doing the work.In addition, you need to realize that clients don’t generally pay you for the amount of hours you work. In most cases, clients pay you for the value you provide. They don’t care if something takes you thirty minutes or ten hours, so long as it is done by the time they want it and that it satisfies their needs.By charging an hourly rate, you limit yourself â€" there is only so much you can justify charging per hour.However, by switching to a project based pricing model, you can charge much higher rates, not based on the amount of time spent on the project, but by the value you provide.Most clients won’t have a problem paying higher rates so long as the quality of your work is proportionate to your rates.Project-Based (Fixed) PricingWith this model, the freela ncer charges a fixed rate for the entire project. With this model, instead of basing your fee on the number of hours spent working, your fee is based on the end result that you deliver, which is what the client cares about anyway.This is my preferred pricing model, because with this model, you don’t have to worry about earning less by becoming more efficient. This model allows you to earn more while working less.When coming up with a fixed rate fee for your service, there are two things you need to consider. The first one is the amount of work that needs to be done. It is good not to confuse the amount of work that needs to be done with the time spent doing the work.For example, if you are a web designer, your client might need a website with a number of features. Setting up some of these features might be an automated process that takes you no time, but you should still factor it in your pricing since it is a service that actually needs to be done.In this case, you would be charg ing for your knowledge, not for the time spent doing the work.The second thing you need to consider when setting your fixed rate fee is the actual value you are delivering for the client. To do this, you need to be aware how exactly your service helps your clients.For instance, if you are a freelance copywriter and you know that your copy will help the client bring in $100,000 in sales, it would be very easy to justify a $1000 fee for creating ad copy. By showing clients the potential ROI for your services, you stand at a better position to command higher rates for your services.FACTORS TO CONSIDER WHEN DETERMINING EXACTLY WHAT TO CHARGE FOR YOUR SERVICESOver the course of my freelancing career, I have come to the conclusion that the best approach when it comes to your freelance rates is to remain flexible. Regardless of the pricing model you opt to work with, you stand to gain more by adjusting your rates to the client and their specific project.It doesn’t make much sense chargin g a huge multinational company the same rates you would charge a one man startup.Similarly, it doesn’t make much sense charging the same rates for an overly creative project that requires specific knowledge as you would charge for a general, straightforward project that can be done by anyone within your industry.In spite of this flexibility, there are a number of factors and criteria you need to keep in mind when coming up with your rates. These include:Your Living And Business ExpensesWhen on full time employment, most of the costs of running the business are taken care of by your employer. Once you decide to freelance, you will have to cater for all these costs and expenses from your pocket.Therefore, you have to put these costs and expenses into consideration when setting a rate for your services. In particular, you need to think about costs such as hosting for your website, subscriptions for any business tools and services you are going to use, internet, telephone and other ut ility costs, travel expenses if your work requires traveling, office equipment like computers, business insurance and licensing fees, and professional membership fees, taxes, and marketing and advertising costs.In addition, you should make sure that your rates allow you to earn enough to cover your living expenses.How Much The Client Is Willing To Pay I mentioned earlier that the best approach is to charge different rates to different clients. For you to do this, you have to be able to evaluate how much the client is expecting to pay for a service.Let’s consider a situation where you have two clients with similar projects.However, there is a difference between the two clients. One client is the proprietor of startup. This client funded the startup from his own pocket, and therefore does not have a huge budget to play with. His budget for the project is $4,000 $5,000. After discussing the project with the client, you realize that you can do it profitably for $5,000.The other clien t is the executive of a huge multinational company with deep pockets. Their budget for the project is $10,000 $15,000. Since the two projects are similar, should you charge both of them $5,000?Charging the multinational the same figure you charged the startup can be bad for your business, and here is why.The executive from the multinational did not just wake up and randomly pick the $10,000 $15,000 budget. They probably did some research about the project and concluded that the kind of service they require is within that price range.Such clients know the kind of work they want and they have no problem forking out a large sum of money to get it. By giving them a quote that is way below their budget, you might be unwittingly sending the message that your work is not worth what they have in mind.The multinational might pass you over, not because you are not qualified, but because they don’t want to take their chances on a cheap freelancer who might end up delivering subpar work.A g ood way to find what the client is willing to pay is to simply ask them if they have a budget for the project. This provides you with a rough idea of what the client might be willing to pay for your services.However, some clients will not be so willing to disclose their budget.Another way of estimating what a client might be willing to pay is to find out as much as you can about the client. What kind of organization does he or she represent? Is it a startup, a non-profit, or a larger organization?Visit their website and do some research about the organization.In most cases, I find that the larger the organization, the more likely they are to be willing to part with a higher amount.Finally, you should also consider the type of work the client requires. The bigger and more demanding a client’s project is, the higher the fee you should demand for it.What Value Are You Providing To The Client?It does not make much sense to charge a client $100 for a service that will help them make or save $10,000, does it? To make sure you are getting the most out of your work, you should consider its value to the client. What does the client stand to gain from your work?Value is directly tied to a problem.What problem is the client trying to solve using your service?To use value as a factor in your pricing, it is good to try and gain as much information as possible about the client’s problem. Is the client trying to make or save money? If so, how much will they make or serve once you provide your service?You should keep in mind that value differs from client to client, which further justifies why you need to adjust your rates depending on the client and their project.Let’s go back to our earlier example to see how this works. Let’s assume that the project that both of them wanted was a website where they could showcase their products and respond to customer enquiries.The first client, being a startup, might be trying to get their first few clients. They figure that with a website, they might increase their revenue by $15,000 $20,000. In this case, charging them $5,000 is sensible because they know they will recoup their money. This client would not be willing to pay $10,000 for the website, since the ROI on the website would not be much.On the other hand, the multinational company might have realized that they are losing over $100,000 in potential sales because they don’t have a website. Therefore, this client will have no problem forking out $15,000 for the website because it will bring in a lot more value for them.The more you can emphasize the value of your service to the client, the higher your earning potential.Your ExperienceAnother thing you need to consider when setting your freelance rates is your expertise and experience. As a freelancer, clients might not have the same confidence in you as they might have in companies or agencies.Clients do not know what you can do and might consider working with you as a gamble. Therefore, if you are just starting out, you might need to charge lower for your services as you build a portfolio and find your first few clients.However, once you have built a persuasive portfolio and increased your expertise, you can charge higher fees. With a portfolio, you give clients the confidence that you will actually deliver since they can already see examples of your work.You should also keep in mind that, as a freelancer, you are selling your specialized skills and knowledge. It therefore makes sense for you to charge higher rates as you continue improving your skills and expertise.Don’t Use Price As A Marketing StrategyOne of the biggest mistakes I have seen freelancers make when deciding what to charge for their work is using price as a marketing strategy. They assume that clients go for the cheapest freelancers, and they therefore price their services competitively thinking that they will attract more clients.Spoiler alert!This strategy does not work.Using low prices as your key strate gy for attracting clients is ineffective because there will always be someone charging less than you. Freelancers who follow this route find themselves in a quick race to the bottom.With this strategy, you won’t earn enough to sustain yourself, and you will end up slaving all the time to make ends up, taking you further away from the freedom you were seeking by becoming a freelancer.In addition, clients know that they get what they pay for. Good clients avoid cheap freelancers because they know the quality of work will be cheap as well. This is why freelancers who try to compete based on price end up with the worst clients who are trying to get the most for least.The best clients who value your work are not primarily looking for a good deal. They are looking for a competent freelancer who will do what they want and do it well. They have no problem paying high prices to get the quality of work they want.By pricing yourself too low, you are basically signaling to these clients that you are not a high quality freelancer.Look at it this way, if you went to buy an iPhone X and found one going for $250, would you buy it?At that price, you would assume it’s a knock off and leave it. The same counts for your work. This does not mean that you should charge an insanely high figure for your services either. Your freelance rate should not be about how much money you can get from the client.It should be about how much value you can offer your clients. The quality of your work should be able to justify whatever amount you decide to charge for your services.WRAPPING UPThere are no hard and fast rules about how to figure out exactly what to charge for your freelance work. The best approach is to have flexible rates depending on your client and their project.There is nothing wrong with charging different rates to different clients.However, before you answer the question “how much do you charge for your services?” make sure that you have considered all the factors discu ssed above.Finally, you should not be afraid to experiment a bit until you figure out a price point that works best for you and your clients.

The Most Difficult Part of Applying for Scholarships

The scholarship process can be a scary and grueling task for many students. It can even be scary for parents desperate for their child to secure some free funding, yet unsure of where to start.According to most of my students, one of the hardest parts of applying for scholarships is finding appropriate scholarships to apply to. Its easy to become overwhelmed with all the scholarships and scams out there.In this short article, I will give you quick tips on how to simplify finding the right scholarships (with the least competition).There are hundreds of thousands of scholarships out there which can be good news or bad news all depending on whether or not you know how to search through them. The key to getting a free ride is finding the best scholarships for you and ignoring all the scams and scholarships where you dont fit the criteria. Heres how to do that:1. Write down a list of activities, organizations, interests, companies or any other topic that you are involved in where you be lieve they would give scholarships. For example, I personally love Walmart so I would write down Walmart. I was also involved in FBLA and passionate about public speaking so I would wrote both those down as well. Try to get 20-30 items. Here are a few questions that can help you:What organizations, clubs and companies am I involved in?What topics am I passionate about or have an interest in?What are some skills I have that make me unique?What extenuating circumstances make me stand out from others?What do I want to major in? Are there any foundations or associations for employees in this area?2. Go to Google and type one of the key words you wrote down in step 1 plus the word scholarship. To continue my Walmart example, I would write Walmart Scholarship or Walmart Award or Scholarship funded by Walmart. Replace the word Walmart with one of the terms you chose and hit search.3. Go through the search results by focusing mainly on specific foundation, company or organizations websites. You can also look at generic sites with results such as scholarships.com or fastweb.com but try to avoid these if you can. Our goal is to go directly to the source rather than going to a scholarship search engine.4. Assess whether or not the scholarships you find are a scam. Read my blog post on How to Tell if a Scholarship is a SCAM or Not.5. Save the legitimate scholarships in an Excel spreadsheet or Word doc. If you downloaded my Action Guide that came with my book, The Scholarship System, which you can see by clicking here, you can also use my Scholarship Tracker that came with it. Heres a preview of it.6. Rinse and repeat. Do this over and over through all 20-30 terms and, before you know it, you will have easily 10-15 scholarships to apply to.Find the essay the most troubling part instead? Here are a few posts that may help:Afraid of essays? This related post will help:MAKE SCHOLARSHIP ESSAYS STAND OUT BY AVOIDING THESE 4 CLICHSWinning scholarships and securing free college f unding can be easy. You just have to know the right process. For the complete process rundown along with many more tips and tricks I used to secure over $126,000 in scholarships, join me on my webinar. You can claim your seat at thescholarshipsystem.com/freewebinarpst.

Family Values - 736 Words

English 102 Rhetoric- Article Analysis Family values have changed a lot over the past few decades. The main reason for this is because society has been changing and becoming more open, therefore values for families and individuals have changed with it. The writer of â€Å"Values, Family, and a Changing Society† (F. Ivan Nye) takes the time to define different types of values and how they have defined family values. The message of the article is talking about how societal change has been shaping the values of family and life in general. The writer gives an example of change with the obedience of children. Children have become a lot less obedient as they grow up. In the past, family used to be the main example a child would follow growing up.†¦show more content†¦When talking about instrumental and intrinsic values, the author uses the example of value on education. He says that it is an instrumental value because with time people have come to see that most people who are educated lead a more successful life. In this case he could have found statistics or facts showing for example, on average, the income of educated people compared to uneducated people. Ethos plays a large part in this article. The writer expresses his topics from a subjective point of view. He talks about society and its view on values such as premarital sex. According to Nye, premarital sex is a negative instrumental value. Even though society has a negative view on it, it is still increasing. The writer mentions that society frowns upon premarital sex because it causes unwanted pregnancies, forced marriages that usually end in divorce, etc., but he fails to give any real statistics or examples on the topic. He also mentions the ethical topic of daycare. Since women have been exposed to the outside working world, more child care is now needed outside the home. Is it acceptable to put children in day care all day? From an instrumental point of view the answer would be yes. Since society is allowing women to work in the same fields as men, they are no longer expected to stay at home and work in the house all day. But if you look at it from an intrinsic point of vie w the answerShow MoreRelatedFamily Values1020 Words   |  5 PagesFamily Values Mary Boman NUR/542 September 10, 2012 Koh Family Values Family nursing is still seen as a fairly new specialty area in nursing. There has been discussion to define what family nursing is and what role family and nursing play in this matter. The consensus is that all definitions have as core concepts the notion of providing nursing care to families and family members (Braun amp; Foster, 2011). Nurses have realized what an important role that families can play in promoting positiveRead MoreFamily Values1142 Words   |  5 PagesFamily Values Paper Family Values Paper The concept of family as the client has become an integral part of nursing practice. The American Nurses Association states that nursing is the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities, and populations. It is this thinking that nursing continues to striveRead MoreFamily Structure And Family Values Essay1505 Words   |  7 PagesOver the years, family structure and a families morals and values has changed drastically from generation to generation. From a families core values to women not working in the workforce to women making up a good chunk of our current workforce, to even the norms of dating and the roles of religion and culture in a family. times now are significantly different than they use to be. With technology a new driving force interfering with families and the world altoge ther, their have been many adaptationsRead MoreFamily And Family Arrangements And Values1505 Words   |  7 PagesFrom There to Here Family Is The Definition of family, is relative, no pun intended. It depends on your background and experiences. Family can be friends or blood relatives, it can mean many different things to everyone. But most importantly I think it means support, you should consider to be a part of your family anyone who supports the decisions that you make, and doesn’t judge you for them. This can include friends, and family. It’s important to decide for yourself what matters most to you, andRead MoreFamily Obligation And Family Values Essay2145 Words   |  9 PagesFamily obligation is strongly related to how much one values their families’ opinions and the degree to which family values are respected and complied with. This degree of familial obligation varies across cultures, in part, due to the different schemas that are represented across cultures. There are two separate classifications for these schemas, collectivistic and individualistic (Triandis, 1988). The majority of people w ho belong to individualistic cultures have an independent schema while peopleRead MoreFamily Value Is Important For Life1696 Words   |  7 Pagesstands out above all would value of family because they are always there for us when we need them the most. They always find a way to make our life more meaningful. I believe family value is important for living a meaningful life. Family value is something that we hold very precious the most which is why they make our life more meaning to it. Even though there are a lot of things that can make our human life matter, however, in my opinion, the significance of human values, connected social life, andRead MoreHaitian Family Values841 Words   |  3 PagesFamily values are ideals that are learned traditionally in a family and are reinforced within the familial unit. Family values can be very diverse between different cultures. Some of these family values are the way children are raised, discipline, gender roles in the family, and the way f amilies choose to live. Family values are a major part of Haitian culture and they are very important to Haitians. This is my favorite aspect of all of Haitian Culture. For all Haitian families, no matter what classRead MoreFamily Values Paper943 Words   |  4 PagesRunning head: FAMILY VALUES PAPER Family Value Paper Katie Chieda University of Phoenix Dynamics of Family Systems: NUR/542 February 21, 2011 Carla Diebold Read MoreEssay about Family Values507 Words   |  3 Pages When raising a child one is taught values by their families that they feel are important for their child to have. I believe that family values consist of certain actions and qualities that are important to a family to uphold. Values that are important in my family are honesty, trust and to have respect for others. Each of these values is equally important in my family. They played a big role into making me the person I am now. Growing up in my family taught me that honesty is the best policyRead More Family Values and The Status of The Traditional American Family792 Words   |  4 Pagesthe term family values, many different ideas can come to mind. Morals, religion, beliefs, tradition, expectation, controversy, and misuse are some things that may come to mind when the term â€Å"family values† is mentioned. The true definition and meaning of family values can most likely never be directly pinpointed, but it is always going to be a known fact that family values are always going to have different meanings to different people. It is the common misunderstanding that family values are just

Racial Profiling And The Justice System - 994 Words

Growing up, I was taught to treat my neighbor as I would treat myself, but as life unfolded, reality hit, and I realized the world did not operate under the same teachings. I started to see a world that judge people based off their ethnic background, not the content of their character. For year’s people of all colors, nationalities and genders have been targeted due to fitting a certain description. This behavior is referred to as racial profiling and it is killing, wrongfully accusing and creating division amongst the people and justice system. The justice system must redesign the policy and procedures, which relate to racial profiling, because it is not protecting the rights of the people, it is attacking them. Even though racial profiling has built walls between the people and the justice system, at the same time racial profiling has driven away unwanted terrorist’s attacks similar to 9/11. Deroy Murdoch states, during a debate, â€Å"Recognizing that the current threat to passengers and airliners comes almost exclusively from one source, and we all know what it is—young male between 18 and 35 who practice a fundamentalist strain of Islamic faith†¦ had the security personnel at Newark, Dulles, or Boston Logan airports profiled these hijackers, they might have been stopped and nearly 3,000 people, who were killed on 9/11, would be with us here today (U.S. Airports Debate). No one wants to have their loved ones taken away abruptly, like the victims of 9/11. The events thatShow MoreRelatedRacial Profiling And The Justice System1365 Words   |  6 Pagesthere are high expectations of equality and justice. But, this is just how it looks like at a glance in Canada, as for minorities living in Canada and, in particular to black Canadians, these minorities face a different reality in the encounters with police and the justice system in comparison to their white counterparts. Which raises the question of how equal each citizen really is under the same rules. Therefore, in the essay I argue racial profiling is evident in stop and search practices targetingRead MoreRacial Profiling And The Criminal Justice System1204 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract Racial profiling is a major issue in American society. Its existence threatens every minority citizen of this country. Racial profiling is not fair and not effective because it relies on stereotypes and encourages discrimination. Examining cases that have occurred in the past and most recently help us fully understand this issue. Many studies and reports of racial profiling involve excessive use of force, police brutality, imposition of death penalty, traffic stops, stop and frisk issuesRead MoreRacial Profiling And The Criminal Justice System1004 Words   |  5 Pagesbe on minorities. As we take a closer look into that statistic on crime, housing, employment along with racial profiling I do believe most are tied together which can easily cause a revolving door within the criminal justice system. When we look at the minority communities there are many challenges they are faced on a daily basis. Addiction and Crime: Incarceration: Employment: Racial Profiling: The use of race or ethnicity as grounds for suspecting someone for crimes. Mental Health: Many individualsRead MoreRacial Profiling And The Criminal Justice System1582 Words   |  7 PagesRacial disparity in the Criminal Justice system has been a issue of discussion in our law enforcement for years. Statistics say the likelihood of imprisonment in a lifetime is 1 in 3 black men, 1 in 6 Latino men and 1 in 17 white men. (Bonczar2003) The search and seizure 4th amendment was passed in 1789 which was supposed to protect all persons of unreasonable searches, etc. In 1944 Gunner Myrdal wrote â€Å"it’s part of a policeman’s philosophy that Negro criminals or suspects that show any sign of insubordinationRead MoreAnalysis of Racial Profiling in the Criminal Justice System3223 Words   |  13 PagesAnalysis of Racial Profiling In the Criminal Justice System Police officers today face many challenges. Some concerns include dangers or safety concerns related to being a police officer, questions of the use of force and the public’s perception of officers being corrupt. Additionally, with cases of deaths and accusations that have come to the forefront about police throughout the United Stated, questions about police racial profiling have also come to light. Today’s police are considered toRead MoreRacial Profiling in Canada1166 Words   |  5 PagesRacial profiling is the act of selecting targets for criminal investigation not on behavioural merit, but exclusively on markers of personal identity such as race, ethnicity, and religious orientation (Perry, 2011, p.9). In other words, racial profiling is the by-product of subjecting individuals who are from a particular racial community to a higher degree of scrutiny and surveillance by criminal justice system agents when compared to other racial communities (Wortley and Owusu-B empah, 2011, p.135)Read MoreRacial Inequality919 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is racial inequality? Racial inequality is discrepancies in the opportunities and treatment of people based solely on their race. Racial inequality is a serious issue that is often discussed in the American criminal justice system. Although racial discrimination is present in the criminal justice system, some people use the words inequality, discrimination, racism, and profiling loosely and do not understand how truly complex it is to prove that there actually is racial inequality present inRead MoreProfessional Racism and Discrimination1117 Words   |  5 PagesDepartment has a reputation for using race as a basis to catch criminals. Racial profiling is the use of race or ethnicity as grounds for believing an individual is suspicious of committing a crime. Discriminatory or abusive behavior towards people of color affects the justice system and violates people’s human rights. The LAPD continues to u se racial profiling against mostly African-Americans and Latinos. The use of racial profiling by the LAPD prevents the police from serving the whole community. BecauseRead MoreHow Racial Profiling Led to the Death of Trayvon Martin821 Words   |  4 PagesRacial Profiling As I walk to the store to pick up snacks for the next half of the super bowl, I am trying to make it quick. I finally arrive at the store and quickly get my two favorite items, skittles and an ice tea. Thinking to myself that this is all I need, not knowing that it would be my last meal. On the walk back home, I have a feeling that I am being followed. I speed up. I turn around to find that a grown Hispanic man, mid-age, and heavily built is in fact, following me. In my head,Read MoreRacial Profiling And Its Impact On Society1209 Words   |  5 PagesCases of Racial Profiling There are tons of cases of Racial Profiling. Now a days many people are being targeted or attacked by racial profiling. Laws are being passed but not every police officer is following up with it. And because of this more and more people are becoming irritated with the government system. Just because a particular person from a particular race does something wrong, everyone from that race is being discriminated by so-called other races. Racial profiling is getting

Analysis Of The Book The Raisin Of The Sun - 1878 Words

MAJOR WORKS REVIEW General Title : Raisin in the Sun Author : Lorraine Hansberry Date of Original Publication : 3/11/1959 Novel Type : Realistic Drama Play Structure Point of View : The play is written in a third person point of view of the narrator. Relationship to meaning: Being the narrator of the play, you will know the background and description of each character, the setting and mood of the stage. Plot Structure Exposition : The Younger family has recently lost their head of the family, Mama’s husband, and are going to be given 10,000$ from their insurance. They are an African American family in the working class that lives on the South side of Chicago and struggling with financial difficulties. Inciting Incident : This is when the Younger family was informed that they will be getting a 10,000$ check of insurance money. This is when they all start deciding on how they could benefit from the money and beginning to take action for their dreams. Events contributing to rising action : When the check finally arrives, Mama decides to go off on her own and paid the 3,500$ down payment to a house in Clybourne park. This really upsets Walter because he thought that he would never be able to achieve his dreams anymore since the money got spent on a new house. Mama then decides to put the rest of the remaining money into Walter’s hands for him to spend on to whatever he would want (liquor store), but only after putting 3,000$ into a savings account for Beneatha to useShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Book A Raisin Of The Sun 2263 Words   |  10 PagesMAJOR WORKS REVIEW GENERAL 1. Title : A Raisin in the Sun 2. Author: Lorraine Hansberry 3. Original Publication: March 11, 1959 4. Novel Type: Domestic Tragedy STRUCTURE 1. Point of View: 2. Relationship to meaning: 3. Plot Structure a. Exposition b. Inciting Incident c. Events contributing to rising action d. Climax (Crisis/turning point) e. Events contributing to falling action f. Resolution g. Other Significant Structural Elements: CHARACTERS 1. Protagonist a. Name and significance:Read MoreCharacter Analysis Of Beneatha In A Raisin In The Sun1487 Words   |  6 PagesCharacter Analysis â€Å" A Raisin in the Sun† is a play written by Lorraine Hansberry about the life of an African American family during the era of segregation. The play starts off with the Younger family receiving a 10,000 dollar check from Mr. Younger’s insurance policy. The family argues over what they are going to do with it. Mama wants to buy a house with it, Walter wants to invest in a liquor store, and Beneatha wants to use the money to go to medical school. The contrast of the characters’ personalitiesRead MoreThe Poetry Of Harlem And Women Have Loved Before As I Love Now925 Words   |  4 Pageschallenge when reading a poem written a long time ago. Misinterpreting the meaning can cause some bigger issues in the dialect or if you someone wanted to write an analysis on the poem. In Harlem, only eleven lines are written with such greater meaning to the sentences. For example, â€Å"like a raisin in the sun?† could mean that the raisin is already supposed to be dry, like our dreams are supposed to be settle. As for Women Have Loved Before As I Love Now, has fourteen lines that have a higher intellectualRead MoreThe Freedom Writers And Romeo And Juliet905 Words   |  4 Pagestwo different english classes a year. We read different writing pieces, wrote essays, and learned techniques that help us develop our reading and writing skills. In middle school the writing tasks were easier and funner than high school. We read books like the Diary of Anne Frank, The Freedom Writers, and Romeo and Juliet, that I actually found interesting. They would give us the task of writing our own journals. We had to write an entry every day a page or more long, like Anne Frank and like TheRead MoreThe Moving Train : History Of Segregation1866 Words   |  8 Pagestrain. Passengers in a train know that they are going in a wrong direction, but they are afraid of jumping off a train. They decide to go wherever the train goes. The majority of white Americans were those passengers throughout the history. In A Raisin in the Sun, there is one white American who appears. Karl Lindner is a representative of a white neighborhood called Clybourne Park in Chicago. He suggests to the Younger family not to move into his white neighborhood. The neighbors think living separatelyRead MoreComparing Themes of To Kill a Mockingbird and A Raisin in the Su n1962 Words   |  8 PagesTo Kill a Mockingbird and A Raisin in the Sun are books both written during a time of racial tension and inequality. Harper Lee and Lorraine Hansberry lived through the civil rights movement and saw the physical and verbal harassment against African Americans. This experience is evident in both works as the theme of fighting prejudice shines through. The goal of this paper is to compare and contrast the theme in both books and how it affected both of the families. Also, throughout the paper I willRead MoreHow Money Plays A Big Role1956 Words   |  8 PagesHow Money Plays a Big Role The Play, A Raisin in the Sun, written by Lorraine Hansberry, is a story about an African American family, the Youngers, who live in an awfully, small sized, ghetto apartment in Chicago. The Youngers include, Lena the mother aka Mrs. Younger, Walter her son, Beneatha her daughter, as well as Ruth her daughter in law and Travis her grandson. The Youngers, essentially, establish a decent perspective of how money, poverty, and racism all play a role in society as well asRead MoreTupac Shakur: A Brief Life Story1779 Words   |  7 Pagesprison after trying to help his sister escape prison. When Shakur was only 12 years he starred in the play â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun† he was a boy named Travis Younger and he also got the chance to preform it at the famous Apollo Theater in Manhattan, New York. In order to understand why Tupac Shakur is and American cultured icon, one need to have a description of his background a critical analysis of his moral behavior and his impact and importa nce in American music. A couple of years later he and hisRead MoreAfrican American Household, By Marie Louis Anderson1835 Words   |  8 Pages Marie Louis Anderson writes black matriarchy to critically analysis the African American household, in which she examines the household culture and the matriarch in which the house operates under, many points are raised during this book. The most important of these points being , The Black matriarch regards the Black male as undependable and is frequently responsible for his emasculation, is often very religious, regards mothering as one of the most important in her life, attempts to shield herRead MoreThe Discourse Community Of The English Subject2328 Words   |  10 PagesAuthors and poets such as Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, and Claude McKay helped to rebirth and create an era in which African-Americans were able to find freedom in expression through books and poems during a racially charged era. During the Civil rights movement era books such as â€Å"a Raisin in the sun† by Lorraine Hansberry and authors such as Alice Walker and Gwendolyn Brooks helped to describ e the racial challenges blacks faced during this time through their writings and their novels. They

Different Creation Views Among Native Americans and Europeans

The Native Americans and Europeans had many influences that affected their outlook when they first encountered one another. These influences have different stories and views that pertain to the origin of life and how the earth was created. For example the Native Americans had stories that were passed down from generations that would be reshaped in different tellings. On the contrary the European Christians obtained their stories from books that had been written in earlier years such as the bible and Aristotle’s work. Despite their differences all of their beliefs were affected by the accounts which then made their encounter with each other and the relationship with human beings. The creation story in Aristotle’s views affected the†¦show more content†¦The relationship of men and women by one another was greatly influenced when Natives and Europeans encountered each other. From these stories men are in higher position than women for example God was a man who cre ated the entire earth. In the previous creation stories â€Å"A women who fell from the sky† her father the chief was in charge of heaven who was also a man and then in â€Å"Ramon Pane† there was four men left who were not exposed to the sun and were left to continue man kind. Although the stories told by the Native Americans had a man or men being the start of the earth or creation they did have a woman helping in some parts. As in the Europeans story only God being a man created everything. This could affect the way the Europeans and Native Americans treated each other in there first encounter because the Europeans had men in charge of things and the woman did what they were told or what benefited the men. As in the Native culture the men were still in charge but the women had more responsibility and were used more. Both of these cultures would have thought the others were unusual and this would affect the way they would interact. The most affected part of the encounter between the Europeans and Native Americans would be the relationship between different groups of human beings. This relationship would be affected because ofShow MoreRelatedThe Creation Of The Iroquois Creation Story974 Words   |  4 PagesThe Iroquois Creation Story is set before the existence of humans as we know them, but not absent of a physical place, or other beings. The Iroquois Creation Story has a very supernatural setting with many mythical and magical elements. The first lines of the story stated, â€Å"Among the ancients there were two worlds in existence. The lower world was in great darkness; - the possession of the great monster; but the upper world was inhabited by mankind.† The physical setting starts out in in the upperRead MoreNative Americans And The Native American Tribe973 Words   |  4 PagesDifferent Cultures The Europeans and the Native Americans arguably do not co-exist because different groups did not allow them to be their own tribes. The Europeans treated the Indians with as little respect as possible. The Indians were used to work including the women and children. The Christians changed how they were viewed by the Indians because they suffered from beatings and other tragedies among their tribes. The Native American tribes wanted peace within their groups although they were fightingRead MoreThe Aboriginal Waterscape1676 Words   |  7 PagesInteraction of Native Americans and the Waterscape The Aboriginal Waterscape In The Great Thirst, Norris Hundley offers a comprehensive view of the aboriginal waterscape and how early Native Americans managed the water resources available to them prior to contact with Europeans. He describes a California with abundant water, though not necessarily through rainfall. Depending on the location in California, water can be found in rainfall, runoff from snow melt, and from underground aquifers. AtRead MoreNative American And American Literature Essay1351 Words   |  6 Pagesonly one memory of ever having read anything Native American, and that was in grade school. Native American literature is typically left out of studies in general American Literature, although there do exist plenty of programs for studying these types of narratives separately and individually. It has yet to become a prominent area of study and there a differing reasons as to why this is. Part of the lack of study in this subject in connection with American Literature is for cultural conce rns aboutRead MoreHistory Paper923 Words   |  4 Pages In what ways is Pane’s religion evident in his account of Taino origins? 4b. Do you think Pane was a reliable recorder of Taino beliefs? 4c. What parts of Pane’s account, if any, seem credible to you? Why? 5a. Since Tainos never had writing among them and everything is preserved by memory, do you thing the stories the Taino told Pnae were credible accounts of ancient beliefs? 5b. What evidence suggests that Taino believed these stories? 5c. Is there evidence that their origin narrative hadRead MoreWhen It Comes To Folktales, Fairytales, Legends, Myths,1733 Words   |  7 Pagesof a dime. I know a few from Asia, like â€Å"Father Frost† (a Russian tale) and â€Å"The Stonecutter† (a Chinese tale). I am even familiar with a few stories originating in the native civilizations of Africa, like â€Å"The Egyptian Cinderella†, and Australia, like the stories of a creature called a â€Å"Bunyip†. However, when it comes to American (North or South), I can come up with only a few from the South, such as mermaid legends,and only two from the North that did not take place after colonization. The majorityRead MoreA Very Great Change During The Francisco Pizarro s Journey1435 Words   |  6 Pageshistory, in where were involved conquerors as Cristobal Colon, Hernan Cortes and Francisco Pizarro among others. The discovered of America is considered one of the most important events in the universal hist ory. The great changes and consequences that the Conquest generated were diverse among the continent. The first journey around the world by Fernando de Magallanes and Sebastian El Cano opened a great view by the Spanish to start with the Journey in the America. Although the Conquest of America by SpanishRead MoreThe Exploitation of the Native Americans1596 Words   |  7 Pagesof the Native Americans The Native Americans are a prime example of the repression, poverty, and discrimination many minority groups have had to endure throughout the years. The Native Americans had their own land, culture and language. They were people able to adapt well to their particular region by hunting, fishing and farming crops. Their cultures primarily rested on wise use of all natural resources available. Many historians believe there were between 6 and 10 million Native Americans livingRead MoreAn Examination Of Native History866 Words   |  4 PagesAn Examination of Native History Native American. Indian. These are the names given to the Indigenous peoples of Native North America so that they may be classified together as one group, a single entity, to define thousands of years of multifaceted cultures, many of which have unfortunately been lost. Prior to European contact, many of these Native groups encompassing present day Canada to Mexico lived their lives ruled by political systems, a complex use of resources available, social stratificationRead MoreThe Slavery Of The United States1121 Words   |  5 PagesBefore the 19th C, literature in the United States (US) was largely characterized on the basis of its diverse nature. Using different forms of documentations such as travel accounts and journals, early European explorers noted down their different experiences in the New World. Owing to the fact that these new Explorers were very religious, most of their writings were defined by their religious convictions especially the Puritan faith. In addition to the se writings being shaped by religion, most of

The Forbidden Game The Kill Chapter 6 Free Essays

string(33) " shivering and melting and lost\." Jenny, devastatingly aware that her jeans were crunchy from drying wrinkled and her denim shirt looked as if she’d crawled through a chimney, said, â€Å"You invited me to come-and here I am.† He answered as easily as if they’d been talking for hours. â€Å"Yes, and you’re off to a bad start. We will write a custom essay sample on The Forbidden Game: The Kill Chapter 6 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Couldn’t even avoid this simple trap. Don’t even know what game you’re playing.† â€Å"Whatever it is, it’s the last Game,† Jenny said. It wasn’t the same as it had been before, when she’d felt as if she were fighting him all the time in her mind-whether he was physically present or not. Fighting his sensuality, fighting his beauty, fighting the memory of his touch. In those days part of her actually longed for the moment when she would stop fighting, for the final surrender. But now †¦ Jenny had changed. The fire she’d passed through in the last Game, the one he’d created to trap her, had changed her. It had burned away the part of her that had responded to Julian, that had craved his danger and wildness. Jenny had come through the fire alive-and purified. She might not be as powerful as Julian, but her will was as strong as his. She would never give in to the shadows again. And that meant that everything was different between them. She could see that he saw the difference. He said, â€Å"More light?† and made a gesture, like tracing a line in the air. Kenaz, Jenny thought. The rune of the torch, one of the runes she’d carved on her grandfather’s oak door. It was shaped like an acute angle, like a lesser-than sign in mathematics. When Julian’s long fingers made the gesture, the light seemed to ripple, and with a magician’s flourish he plucked a second burning torch from the air. Jenny, stony-faced, clapped her hands two or three times. Julian’s glance was blue as a gas flame. â€Å"You don’t want to get me angry. Not this early on,† he said with dangerous quietness. â€Å"I thought I was supposed to be impressed.† He studied her. â€Å"You really don’t want to get me angry.† Oh, he was gorgeous, all right. Inhuman, incomprehensible, and so alive he looked as if he should be dripping fire or electricity from his fingertips. He brought a shine with him like diamonds in coal. But Jenny had a core of steel. â€Å"Where’s Tom?† she said. â€Å"You haven’t been thinking about him,† said Julian. It was true. Jenny hadn’t. Not continuously, not constantly, the way she had in the old days when she’d never really regarded herself as a separate person, but as part of a unit: Tom-and-Jenny. It didn’t matter. â€Å"I came here for him,† she said. â€Å"I don’t need to think about him every minute to love him. I want him back.† â€Å"Then win the Game.† Julian’s voice was as cold and ominous as thin ice breaking. He stuck one torch into a wide horizontal crack in the wall. Jenny hadn’t really taken in her surroundings yet-when Julian was around it was very difficult to focus on anything except him-but she saw now that she’d been right in her guess earlier. This was an enclosed place, and a very small one, scarcely as big as her bedroom at home. Three of its walls were stone; the fourth was solidly packed boulders. Below the crack with the torch was a sort of natural stairway, each step broader than the one above it. Like the fake waterfalls in the mine ride, Jenny thought, only without the water. She noticed her flashlight, apparently dead, lying by the bottom step. There was no entrance or exit to the room. The ceiling was low. It had a very trapped feeling about it. Jenny’s heart sank a little. No. Don’t you dare let him frighten you. That’s what he wants, that’s what kicks him. Besides, what’s to be scared of? So you’re buried alive under tons of rock, alone with a demon prince who wants you body and soul and will literally do anything to have you. Who might kill you just to make sure no one else can have you. And you’re pissing him off deliberately, but so what, why sweat the details? She tried to make her voice quite steady and a little blase as she said, â€Å"So just what is the Game this time?† â€Å"The clue will cost you.† Icy fury swept over Jenny. â€Å"You’re horrible. Do you know that?† â€Å"I’m as cruel as life,† Julian said. â€Å"As cruel as love.† The fury, and the steel at Jenny’s core, gave her the courage to do something that astonished even her. She wanted to slap Julian. Instead, she kissed him. It wasn’t like the tender, cozy sort of kiss she gave Tom, and not like the terrified, half-wild kisses Julian had extorted from her in the old days, either. She jumped up and snatched his face between her palms before he could do anything with the torch. She kissed him hard, aggressively, and without the slightest vestige of maidenly shyness. She felt his shock. His free hand came up around her, but he couldn’t pull her any closer than she was already pressing herself. She ignored the danger of the torch completely-if it was close to her hair, that was Julian’s problem. Let the great master of the elements figure it out. Julian recovered fast. It was possible to take him off guard, but he didn’t stay nonplussed long. Jenny felt him trying to take control of the situation, trying to soften the kiss. But she knew the danger of softness. Julian could spin a web of shadows around you, with touches like the brush of moth’s wings and kisses soft as twilight. He could turn your own senses against you until the kisses left you dizzy and breathless and the moth’s-wing touches put you on slow burn. And by the time you realized what was underneath the softness, you were shivering and melting and lost. You read "The Forbidden Game: The Kill Chapter 6" in category "Essay examples" So Jenny kept this kiss strictly business. A cheap and nasty sort of business she’d never had to do before because before Julian she’d only ever kissed Tom. She kissed him angrily, with a clinical coldness and all the expertise she could muster. At the end she realized she’d managed to startle him twice in just a matter of minutes. When she pulled away-which she did easily-she could see the shock in his eyes. Didn’t think I could resist, did you? she thought. She stepped back and with utter coldness said, â€Å"Now, what about my clue?† Julian stared. Then he laughed mockingly, but she could see him losing his temper, see the blue eyes glitter with rage like exotic sapphires. She had struck at his pride-and hit dead center. â€Å"Well, now, I’m not sure I got my money’s worth,† he said. â€Å"I’ve known icicles that were better kissers than that.† â€Å"And I’ve known dead fish that were better kissers than you,† Jenny said-untruthfully and with an insane disregard for danger. She knew it was insane, but she didn’t care. The freedom of knowing that the shadows had no power over her was intoxicating. It made this encounter with Julian different from any other. She’d struck home again. She saw the menacing fury well up in his eyes-and then his heavy lashes drooped, veiling them. A half smile curved his lips. Jenny’s stomach lurched. He was evil, she knew. Cruel, capricious, and dangerous as a cobra. And she’d been stupid to goad him that way, because right now he was planning something bad-or her name wasn’t Jenny Lint-for-Brains Thornton. â€Å"I’ll give you your clue,† he said. He slid a hand into one skintight pocket and brought it out again, flipping something gold on his thumb and catching it again. The gold thing winked in the torchlight, up and down. â€Å"Heads I win, tails you lose,† Julian said and gave her a smile of terrible sweetness. Then he flicked the shining gold thing at her so quickly that she flinched. It hit the stone with a wonderful clear ringing clink. Jenny picked it up and found that it was cold and quite heavy. It was a coin, round but irregular, like a very thin home-baked cookie. â€Å"A Spanish doubloon,† Julian said, but even then she stared at him a moment before getting it. Oh, God-of course. The game-the one the real Joyland Park was holding. What had that kid said this afternoon? â€Å"You get three tokens and they let you in free. †¦Ã¢â‚¬  And the billboard: collect three gold DOUBLOONS AND BE THE FIRST TO SET FOOT ON †¦ TREASURE ISLAND. And Julian had invited them to come on a treasure hunt. But Jenny hadn’t made the connection, not even when that giant treasure chest had been the only thing moving in the park tonight. â€Å"You modeled this whole place after Joyland because they were having a treasure hunt? Why? Because I used to go to the park when I was a kid?† He laughed. â€Å"Don’t flatter yourself. This whole-Shadow Park, if you like-already existed. It was created ten years ago and for a very different reason. A special reason †¦ but you’ll find out about that later.† He gave a strange smile that sent a chill through Jenny. â€Å"It was built on an old coal mine, you know-a pit. The Shadow Men have been here a long time.† A pit. Deep into the Pit, Jenny remembered. That was a line from the poem she’d found on her grandfather’s desk in Julian’s first Game. Was that how her grandfather had found the Shadow Men in the first place? Had he taken a question deep into a pit, into some place where the worlds were connected? She would probably never know-unless Julian told her, which didn’t seem likely. But it cast a vaguely sinister light over the real Joyland Park. Forget the conjectural crap, she told herself. Get down to business. â€Å"Tom and Zach are on Treasure Island,† she said. She got a wolfish smile back. â€Å"Right. And don’t even think about trying to swim there or anything. The bridge is the only way, and the toll is three gold doubloons. You’ll find the coins hidden throughout the park.† â€Å"I’ve got one already,† she reminded him, closing her fist on the coin. His smile turned dreamy, which was even more frightening than the wolf look. â€Å"Yes, you do, don’t you?† he said pleasantly. â€Å"Now all you have to do is get out with it.† On the word it, everything went dark. It happened so fast that it took Jenny’s breath away. One moment she was conversing by the light of two ruddy torches, the next she was in pitch blackness. Blackness so profound that it made her heart jump and her eyes fly open. She saw ghostly blue pinwheels, then nothing. It was like being struck blind. Okay. Don’t panic. He made a mistake-he got mad and screwed up. He left the flashlight. I hope, her mind added, as she stuck the doubloon in her pocket and cautiously felt her way in the darkness. Her hand closed around cold metal. She held her breath and thumbed the switch. Light. Only a tiny light, a dull orange-ish glow. Either something had happened to the flashlight in the fall or the batteries were going dead. But it was enough to keep her from going crazy. You shouldn’t have made him mad, Jenny. That was really, really dumb. Because, even with light, she was in trouble. By holding the flashlight very close she could see the rock walls of her prison quite clearly. She could examine every inch of it, from the low ceiling, to the uneven floor, to the solidly packed boulders that blocked the entrance. There was no way in or out. She couldn’t possibly shift those boulders by herself-and if she did move one, she’d probably bring the rest of them down on top of her. Don’t panic. Don’t, don’t, don’t panic. But the flashlight was already getting dimmer. She could see it, but not anything around it. And she was alone in the midst of solid rock and absolute silence. There was no sound, not even the drip of water. Wait. You thought your way out of a fire in the last Game-why not a cave now? Come on, try. Just imagine the rock wall melting, imagine your hand moving through it. †¦ But it didn’t work. As she’d suspected before, here in the Shadow World, Julian’s illusions were too strong to be broken. He was the master here. Which meant she was stuck, unless someone came to help her. Okay, then. Yelling time. She made herself shout. And again, and again. She even picked up a fist-size rock that lay at the bottom of the pile and banged on each stone wall, slowly and rhythmically. In between each burst of noise, she listened. There was absolutely no sound in answer. At last, with the flashlight nearly out, she sat down with her back against the boulders, drawing her arms and legs in like an anemone. Then the whispering began. It started so softly that at first she thought it might be the blood rushing in her ears. But it was real. The voices were distant and musical-and menacing. What they were saying was too indistinct to be made out. Shoulders hunched, Jenny turned her head slowly, trying to locate the sound. And there, in the darkness, she saw eyes. They glowed with their own light, like foxfire. They were cold, ravenous. She recognized them from her grandfather’s closet. The Shadow Men. The Shadow Men were here with her. Their eyes seemed to stare out of the wall itself. They were in the rock, somehow. Jenny felt the hairs on her arms erect, felt a prickling that ran from her little fingers to her palms and all the way up to her elbows. A primitive reaction to what she saw in front of her. Everyone, everywhere, knew about the eyes, she thought. Underneath, everybody really knew, even though people tried to suppress the knowledge in the daytime. At night sometimes the knowledge burst out-the sense of watching eyes that shared the world with humans. Eyes that were ancient and infinitely malevolent and that had no more concept of pity than a wasp or a T. Rex. Except that they were gifted with intelligence-maybe more intelligence than humans. Which made them doubly terrifying. And they want you terrified, Jenny. So just keep your head. They’re here to scare you, but they won’t do anything to you. But they’re whispering†¦ . Such a juvenile thing. They were whispering gibberish-and it frightened her sick. Distorted, unnatural sounds. Like records played backward, at low speed. She couldn’t help listening and trying to make sense of it-even while she was terrified of doing just that. She didn’t want the gibberish to make sense. Then, to her surprise and vast relief, the eyes went out. They didn’t fade away as much as seem to recede across some great distance. The voices lingered for a moment and then died. Thank you, Jenny thought fervently, leaning her bent head on her knees. Oh, thank you. The silence seemed almost welcome now. Then she heard another sound, a liquid rippling that the hissing voices had obscured. She turned the dying flashlight toward the wall with the steps, where the eyes had been. Then she jumped up with a gasp and brought it closer. The steps-were moving. No. As she brought the flashlight right up to the wall she felt a splash of wetness against her hand. The steps weren’t moving, they were just covered with water. Water was flowing down the rock staircase, smooth as glass. Just like the waterfalls in the mine ride. Only faster. It was pouring in a steady sheet all along the width of the crack-maybe three or four feet. It was flooding out like a hotel fountain. Strangely, it seemed just an inconvenience at first, and not nearly as scary as the eyes had been. Jenny didn’t recognize it as a danger until her feet were soaked. It’s not flowing out through the boulders, she realized slowly. Weird. They must be really packed to be sealed. Or maybe there’s just a blank wall behind them and only the ceiling was open when I fell through. But now even the ceiling’s blocked up. And that water’s still coming. †¦ It was coming, and faster every minute, and icy cold. Her feet were actually numb inside her hiking boots. Too bad I lost the fanny pack-I had those Baggies for wading, she thought, and then she realized that she was going to die. This was a sealed cavern. Sealed. Smaller than her bedroom and filling up faster than her dad’s swimming pool. The water was going to come in and in- -and where will the air go? she wondered, stumped for a moment by this problem in physics. For a moment she thought she was saved. If the air couldn’t get out, no more water could get in. But there was probably room for the air to go out the ceiling, beyond the boulders somewhere. Up in some place Jenny couldn’t find because the flashlight was completely dead now. She was standing in darkness, with water rising around her calves, and if she tried to climb those boulders blindly and pull at them, they would crush her. And if she didn’t, she would eventually be left with her mouth up against the ceiling, gasping for the last tiny breath of air before the water took her. She wasn’t hysterical, but thoughts were rushing through her mind with dizzying speed. She was remembering the flooded-cavern scene in the mine ride above, and the clawed hand reaching above the boulders. And she thought she knew what some of the whispering voices had been saying. â€Å"Die †¦ die †¦Ã¢â‚¬  So that had been the meaning of Julian’s little smile†¦ . The oddest thing of all was that, even as the water rose higher and higher, she couldn’t seem to bring herself to believe it. Julian wanted her dead? Oh, it shouldn’t be surprising-he was evil, wasn’t he? Completely evil. And he’d been in a fury when he left. But-dead? The water was around her thighs now. It was cold-painfully cold. What a waste it had been to dry her jeans off earlier. Without consciously knowing how she’d gotten there, she found herself kneeling on one of the waterfall’s steps, pressing her hands against the crack, trying to stuff a rock inside. It did no good at all; she could feel the water gushing out in the dark, chilling her hands. Maybe Julian just wanted to humiliate her-to frighten her until she begged for help. But, no, that didn’t make sense. Julian knew she wouldn’t beg. She wouldn’t give in to him. He’d found that out when he’d set the bees on her in the first Game. Jenny had been willing to die then rather than surrender to him. And so he must know she would be now, and so he must want her dead, really dead. Unless – Jenny wouldn’t have thought it possible for her to become more frightened than she already was. She’d have thought there would be some limit, that her mind would go numb. But although her body was numbing with cold, her mind was suddenly reeling with a new idea that made sheer black horror sweep through her. What if Julian didn’t know? What if he weren’t the one doing this? Julian had stormed off in a rage-and then they had come. What if this water was their doing? She’d be dead before he found out. The thought resounded in her mind with a queer certainty. Julian had been at odds with the other Shadow Men once before-when five-year-old Jenny had first opened her grandfather’s closet. The other Shadow Men had wanted to kill her, their lawful prey. But Julian had objected. He’d wanted her, wanted her alive. And she’d stayed alive, because her grandfather had given himself up to them. But now †¦ Now, she thought, they’re finishing the job. And Julian doesn’t know. It was odd, but she was suddenly sure of that. Julian might be evil, but the other Shadow Men were worse. More twisted, more malign. In the paper house, Julian had controlled everything-but she wasn’t in the paper house now. She was in the Shadow World itself, and all the Shadow Men were masters. The water was up to her neck. So cold, Jenny thought-and then the idea came. What if it got more cold-ice cold? Julian had conjured up a torch with the torch rune, Kenaz. So, maybe – She was so numb she hardly knew whether she was crawling or floating, but she found the top step and she found the rock she’d tried to stuff in the crack. She was blind, but she could feel the wall, and the rune she wanted was the simplest shape imaginable. Just one stroke, up and down. A capital without any bars. The ice rune, Isa. She scratched it directly over the crack, directly in the flow of water. And then, blind and almost paralyzed, she waited. It was too cold for her to tell at first if it worked. But then she felt jagged sharpness instead of the smooth numbing gusher. The flow over the rune Isa had become a frozen waterfall. Although the water around Jenny remained liquid, it had stopped rising. I did it! I stopped the water! It’s ice, beautiful ice! She sucked in deep breaths of air excitedly, not afraid to use it up any longer. Oh, God, it was good to breathe. And the rune, the rune had worked for her. She couldn’t control the Shadow World with her mind, but the runes worked for anyone. It was only after a few minutes that she realized she was going to die anyway. Not by drowning-or at least not entirely, although that would come at the end. She was going to freeze to death. It was too cold-had been too cold even before she had frozen the waterfall. Being here was like floating in the ocean the night the Titanic had sunk. She was going to die of hypothermia-lose consciousness and sink. And then drown. And there was nothing at all she could do about it. She was already too weak when her stupefied mind stumbled upon the idea of the torch rune. Kenaz. If she could remember it-if she could find her rock-or move her fingers †¦ But the rock was gone and her fingers were too anesthetized and her brain was fogging up. Blanking out gently, almost like the beginning of sleep. Kenaz †¦ she waved the frozen lumps of flesh that were her hands vaguely under the water, but of course no torch appeared. Water could be frozen into ice, but not kindled into fire. She couldn’t change the rules of the elements at her whim. Disconnected scraps of thought drifted through her mind. It didn’t hurt much anymore. Not so bad. And nothing seemed so urgent-whatever had been bothering her moments earlier wasn’t as important now. Help. She had a vague feeling that she might call for help. But it seemed-it seemed there was some reason not to. Wouldn’t hear me. That’s it. Was that it? He wouldn’t hear me anyway. Too far away. It didn’t matter now. Nothing mattered. How to cite The Forbidden Game: The Kill Chapter 6, Essay examples

Constitutional Dialogue in Common Law Asia -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Constitutional Dialogue In Common Law Asia? Answer: Introduction Every nation has a different kind of legal system. Some of the nations follow a combination of two or a higher number of legal systems, which results in mixed legal system; and there are other nations which adopt only a single kind of legal system. In Malaysia, there is a mixed type of legal system which covers common law, customary law and the Islamic law. The source of the Malaysian legal system comes from the two different laws, i.e., the written law and the unwritten law (Brooker and Wilkinson, 2010). The law of the nation is based majorly on the common law legal system. The reason for this is the colonization between the starting of 19th century to just over middle of the century of Malaya, North Borneo and Sarawak, by Britain (Jackson, 2006). The Constitution of the nation covers the legal rights of the citizens off the nation and also the legal framework. The federal laws in the nation are enacted by the Malaysian Parliament and are applicable across the nation. The state legislative assemblies enact the state law, which apply across the particular states. Through the Malaysian constitution, a unique dual system is presented, which not only provides the sharia laws but also the secular laws, which includes both civil and criminal law (Saha, 2010). This discussion is focused on highlighted these very sources of the Malaysian law, the role played by them, and how they shape the present legal system of the nation. In doing so, the sources of Malaysian law, and the manner in which these are applied in the present day laws of the nation would also be elucidated. This would help in getting a clear understanding on the role and significance of the sources of Malaysian law. Background Before Malaysia got its independence in 1957, the majority of laws of UK had been imported and were made in the local legislation, or were simply applied as being the case laws. The law of the nation also takes inference from other jurisdictions, particularly from India and Australia. The Criminal Procedure Code, which is the criminal law of the nation, is based on the Indian criminal code. Again, the Contracts Act of the nation is based on the model of India. The land law of the nation is inferred from the Australian Torrens system (Noordin and Keng, 2018). As stated earlier, the federal constitution is the supreme law of land (Ahmad, 2018). It gives forth the legal frameworks for the courts, laws, legislations, and the other administrative aspects of law. This very document defines the monarch and the government, along with the powers they have, and also the rights which the citizens get. The laws of the nation have been split in written and unwritten categories. The written laws a re enacted through legislations and constitution; whilst the unwritten laws are such laws which are not covered by any of the statutes, and are found in the decisions of case laws. These are also known as the common law (Hamzah, 2009). Where such happens that a specific situation is not governed through any law, the common law can be applied. In such a situation where even the common law of the nation is not applicable, the English case laws can be applied. At times, the Singaporean, Australian and Indian cases are made use of as being the persuasive authority (Hang and Jacobson, 2017). There is a need to attain clarity on what exactly is the meaning of sources of law, before the Malaysian sources of law are elaborated on. There are different meanings given to the sources of law. The historical sources, which indicate the factors which influence the development of law, but have not been recognized as being the source of law, are also the source of law. For instance, the influence of religious practices, beliefs, opinion of jurists and local customs on development of law are not law per se, but do play role in the formation of law. The same could also refer to the places where law can be found, and the examples of it include the decision of courts, textbooks, statutes and law report. However, in majority of cases, the sources of law refer to the legal sources, which are the legal rules which create the law. And this is the meaning which has to be adopted, till the time otherwise is provided (Sundaram, 2008). Sources of Malaysian Law and its application The sources of law of Malaysia refer to the legal rules which create the laws in the nation, and which can be classified in written and unwritten. This classification though, needs to be treated in a careful manner, as the same was created just for simplicity sake and cannot be deemed as legal classification. Just because it is stated that there is unwritten law, it does not mean the same in literal sense. It simply refers to the part of Malaysian law, which has not been enacted through the legislature, be it by state assemblies or the parliament, and which has not been found in the constitutions, irrespective of it being the state one or the federal one. Such un-enacted law can be found in the case laws which have been decided by the courts and the local customs, which means that the entire non statutory laws. Conversely, the written law makes reference to the law which is embodied in the constitutions of federal and state, and in the statute or the code, which includes the delegate d or the subsidiary legislations (Atikah, 2018). Written Law The written law is the most significant source of law in the nation. It is divided in four different categories, which includes the federal constitution, the state constitution, the legislation and the subsidiary legislation. Federal Constitution The highest legal authority of land in the nation is the Federal Constitution. The constitution had been drafted back in 1956 by the Reid Commission, where there were five representatives from India, Australia, Britain and Pakistan. After the nation got its independence on 31st August, 1957, the constitution came into force. It covered fifteen parts, thirteen schedules and 183 articles (Aun, 1999). Under Article 4(1), it is provided that the constitution is the main or the supreme law of federation, and any such law which had been passed after the Merdeka Day, where such law was not consistent with the constitution, would be void, to the maximum extent off such inconsistency. Under Article 159 and Article 161E, the provision for allowing the constitution to be modified have been provided, and it also provides that for modifying this, there is a need for getting two third majority in both of the houses of Parliament (Yap, 2015). State Constitution There is a similarity between the federal constitution and state constitution, save for the fact that the latter is set by the states in the nation. The federal constitutions 8th schedule provides some provisions which have to be included in state constitutions like the members of state executive, state legislative assembly, finance, role of Yang di Pertua Negeri or Sultan, and etc. Under Article 71, it is provided that all of the state constitutions have to cover their provisions, or eels such provisions would b enforced by the Parliament, or they would abolish any of the provisions covered under the state constitution, where there is a contradiction with such provisions (Mathews, 2014). Legislation The laws which are created by the state legislatives at state level and the parliaments at federal level are the legislations. The federal constitution gives the legislative authority in the nation, where it mentions the scope of the state assembly and the parliament. Where the law is made by state assembly or parliament, which is not within the scope of authority of it, or is contradictory to the constitution, the courts have the power of declaring it as null and void. Article 74 of the federal constitution provides that the parliament can create the laws by making reference to the matters which are given under the federal list, and the state legislatives could make the laws by making reference of such matters which have been provided under the state list (Aldohni, 2011). Through the concurrent list, the scope of enactment by both state legislatives and parliament is provided. These three lists have been provided under schedule 9 of the federal constitution. Where there is any contr adiction in between the state and federal laws, the federal law would prevail and the state law would be void owing to the inconsistency scope (Harding, 2012). Subsidiary Legislation The parliament could pass the power of legislating subsidiary legislation during the time of emergency, and also when there is a contradiction with involvement of federal constitution, owing to the exceptions covered under article 150. Here, reference needs to be made to the case of Eng Keock Cheng v. Public Prosecutor [1966] 1 M.LJ. 18. This case had the plaintiff, i.e., Eng Keock Cheng being convicted for committing two offences when the emergency period was going on and had been ordered to put to death. He made an appeal on grounds that there was neither any preliminary enquiry nor was there a jury adopted by the High Court, which was required based on the Criminal Procedure Act and claimed that the procedures covered in the Emergency (Criminal Trial) Regulations, 1964, had been invalid. This was due to the fact that it was contradictory to Article 8 of the federal constitution. The judges held that the parliament could pass the power of legislating any of the subsidiary legislati on during the time of emergency, even when there was any kind of contradiction with the federal constitution which was involved, owing to certain exceptions covered under its article 150. This ultimately led to the appeal being dismissed (Faruqi, 2005). Unwritten law The unwritten laws are the ones which have not been enacted and which cannot be found in any of the constitution. It covers the English law, i.e., equity and common law, the customs and the judicial decisions. The common law is a key part of states, particularly of commonwealth nations. It consists of non-statutory law, which are the precents taken from the verdicts of cases. The law of equity helps in solving the disputes in between the individuals, by making reference to principles of justness, fairness and equality. Such cases involve nothing being done against the law, just their rights become conflicting. This is thus varied from statutory law, and covers opinions and precents of real cases (Chang et al, 2014). English Law English law is particularly important for the commercial law of the nation (Tham, 2007). Civil Law Act, 1956, under section 3(1)(a) provides that the common law and the law of equity, as was administered in England, has to be applied by the courts in Peninsular Malaysia. Section 3(1)(b) provides that the courts in Sabah and Swark have to apply these laws with the statues of general application as administered by England (AGC, 2006). However, it does not provide that these laws need to remain untouched and follow the same law as is administered in England. There is a need for the law of equity and common law in the nation to be modified and developed based on the local needs. Along with this these laws need to consider the changes made in such laws in England. Though, the government of the nation is free to set their own scope for amending or repealing these two laws in the nation (Mohamad and Trakic, 2015). In the legal matter of Commonwealth of Australia v Midford (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd [1990] 1 MLJ 475, it had been established that the doctrine of crown immunity or sovereign, which had been developed in the English Common law after the year of 1956, had to apply in the nation. It was also provided that any kind of developments in the common law of England after the year of 1956 had to be applicable in the nation (Hamid and Sein, 2006). The landmark case of Smith Kline French Laboratories Ltd. v. Salim (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd [1989] 2 CLJ 228 provided that the courts had the authority of putting aside any law of equity or the common law, which could not be applied in Malaysia (Law Aspect, 2018). Another important case in this matter is that of Jamil bin Harun v Yang Kamsiah [1984] 1 MLJ 217. In this case, it was held that the courts had the authority of deciding whether there was a need to follow the federal law, or the English law, based on the situation which was present, and the scope of wr itten law permitting to do the same (Mohamed and Halim, 2018). The common law can be applied even in the absence of the local laws. The local law is given regards as is the English law. The English law would only fill up the lacuna where the local legislation was absent. Only the relevant party which suits the requirements of the locals and based on the situation present are applied. Malaysia has different races, and each one has their own customs, which are varied from the English law. Where the entire English law is imported, it would mean that the sovereignty of local race is impacted (Mustafa, 2011). To further elucidate this, reference needs to be made to Syarikat Batu Sinar v UMBC Finance [1990] 2 CLJ 691. This case had the issue of double financing taking place when the endorsement of ownership claim of first purchaser was not covered in the vehicles registration card. The first purchaser attempted to get the possession of vehicle and was sued by the plaintiff. They claimed that the defendant did not have the entitlement to this particular vehicle. The court held that under the English law, there was a need of endorsement of ownership claim in the registration card, but the laws of Peninsular Malaysia did not place any such requirement of the endorsement to be attached with the vehicles registration card. This required the law of endorsement of ownership claims of the nation applying on local situations, to be differentiated from the English law (Crown, 1991). Judicial decisions The judicial decisions have their basis on the doctrine of binding precedent. Precedents refer to the verdict given by the judges in like situations. There are two categories of precedents, i.e., mandatory and persuasive. The persuasive precents on are the ones which are relevant or useful for a specific case. These are not mandatory for the judges to apply. Further, these can be binding on the lower courts, where the judges of the higher courts decide to apply the persuasive precedent (Hamzah, 2009). The mandatory precedents the other hand become applicable where the superior court decision becomes binding on the lower courts or where such higher courts become bound by their previous rulings. Though, the decisions given by the lower courts are not binding on the higher courts. There is a need for the local courts to refer to mandatory precedents of the higher courts. Though, the higher court judges differentiate the cases before them and the cases in precedents, and can chose not to follow such mandatory precedent, where they feel that such mandatory precedents are not related to the cases put before them. This results in an original precedent being created (Hamzah, 2009). Customs Another important source of the unwritten law is the customs. These are inherited on generation basis. Every race has their customs. For instance, Hindu customs are governed by Hindu Customary Law and Chinese customs are governed by Chinese Customary Law. The natives in Sarawak and Sabah, also, have their own customary law, related to family and land matters. There is applicability of Adat on Malays, which has two kinds, i.e., Adat Temenggung and Adat Perpatih. Adat Perpatih applies to Naning and Negeri Sembilan and has its unique features like matrilineal form of organization; whilst Adat Temenggung is applicable in other states with varied features like patrilineal form of organization. Adat Perpatih is basically related to the matters of lineage, land tenure, election of members of YDP and lembaga, and inheritance. This system is based on the lineage of mothers and involves property being inherited in the names to the daughters from the mothers. Adat Temenggung follows the system based on lineage of fathers, and covers the inheritance of property from fathers to sons. With the creation of the Law Reform (Marriage and Divorce) Act 1976, the enforcement on matters of inheritance, marriage and divorce has been given to the family result. Owing to these reasons, the Hindu and Chinese customary laws have lost their effect, as being a key source of the unwritten law in the nation (Law Aspect, 2018). Islamic Law Islamic law only applies on Muslims and has been enacted through the Federal Constitution. The powers and permissions of making Islamic laws related to individuals professing Islam as religion are given to the state legislatures (Aziz, 2009). The Shariah courts administer these laws. This source of law further has two sources. The primary source is Quran, representing the word of allah, and Sunnah, which are the rules deduced from traditions; and the secondary sources are Ijma, which shows the consensus of jurists of any specific time on judicial rule, and Qiyas, which are the deductions from reasoning by analogy (Bhala, 2011). Conclusion From the discussion carried in the previous sections, a conclusion can be drawn that there are different sources of law in the Malaysian legal system. Yet, the common law continues to play a crucial role in the nation and new legislations are enacted based on the changing situations. A majority of new unwritten law have their basis in the legislation of other commonwealth nations. There is also a crucial role played by the judges in the interpretation and in giving the requisite meaning to the written words, which cannot be denied. There are other laws like the Islamic law and the customs law, which contribute as being the source of law in the nation. 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